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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Civil Aerospace Medical Institute | FED |
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Sound insulation of bedrooms is expensive and typically only granted to residents living close to the airport. We plan to investigate the effects of various aviation noises on sleep under controlled laboratory conditions and to investigate whether some of the sleep disturbing effects can be mitigated by introducing broadband noise into the bedroom or by wearing earplugs.
The Federal Aviation Administration is interested in investigating inexpensive yet effective methods to mitigate the adverse effects of aviation noise on sleep. The sleep of up to 28 subjects will be monitored with polysomnography and actigraphy over 7 consecutive nights in groups of 4 exposed to various sound conditions (aviation noise; broadband noise; aviation noise plus earplugs; aviation noise plus broadband noise at various decibel [dB] levels). Subjects will fill out surveys, perform cognitive tasks and a hearing test before and after each sleep period. The study will be performed in the Chronobiology Isolation Laboratory (CIL) in the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. This newly constructed facility includes 4 acoustically isolated bedrooms and a high-fidelity sound system. Eligible subjects are age 21-50, free of psychiatric conditions that preclude participation, and maintain a self-reported regular sleep schedule of 6-8.5 hours per night as verified by six days of ambulatory actigraphy and daily logs.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pink Noise Only, 50 dBA (BN50) | Experimental | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on night 1, subjects received the Pink Noise at 50 dBA (BN50) condition once between nights 2 to 7. The Pink Noise at 50 dBA (BN50) night consisted of exposure to continuous pink broadband noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). For the purposes of blinding, this was Condition A. |
|
| Aviation Noise Plus Pink Noise at 50 dBA (AN+BN50) | Experimental | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on night 1, subjects received the Aviation Noise + Pink Noise at 50 dBA (AN+BN50) condition once between nights 2-7. The Aviation Noise plus Pink Noise, 50 dBA (AN+BN50) night consisted of aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA (BN50). The aviation noise (AN) was a pre-programmed recording of 93 sounds including aviation-related noise (e.g. helicopter, sonic boom) and alerting noise (alarm, baby crying), ranging from 45 dB to 65 dB, played during sleep from 2300-0700. For the purposes of blinding, this was Condition B. |
|
| Control (CTRL) | Sham Comparator |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aviation Noise Only (AN) | Other | The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise and alerts during sleep from 2300-0700. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Time Spent in Slow Wave Sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (N3 + REM) | Combined time spent in sleep stages N3 and REM in minutes, as measured by polysomnography (PSG). | Days 2-7 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cognition Efficiency | Efficiency scores from 10 brief cognitive tasks are generated from accuracy & speed of reaction/responding, represented here by standardized effect sizes, where higher scores indicate better performance. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects, and z-transformed based on average and standard deviation across all tests taken. Accuracy and speed across cognitive domains were calculated by averaging z-scores across the 10 tests, then averaged to calculate an efficiency metric. Scores between -0.2 and +0.2 suggest no effect on efficiency (0=population mean). Between -0.2 and -0.5 suggests a small negative effect (i.e. slightly less efficient). Between -0.5 and -0.8 suggests a moderate negative effect. Scores below -0.8 suggest a large negative effect. Between 0.2 and 0.5 suggests a small positive effect. Between 0.5 and 0.8 suggests a moderate positive effect. Scores above 0.8 suggest a large positive effect (i.e. significantly more efficient). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mathias Basner, MD, PhD, MSc | University of Pennsylvania | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19104 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25887528 | Background | Huang HW, Zheng BL, Jiang L, Lin ZT, Zhang GB, Shen L, Xi XM. Effect of oral melatonin and wearing earplugs and eye masks on nocturnal sleep in healthy subjects in a simulated intensive care unit environment: which might be a more promising strategy for ICU sleep deprivation? Crit Care. 2015 Mar 19;19(1):124. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0842-8. | |
| 33007706 |
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Public project data files will be available via the National Transportation Library (NTL). Personally Identifiable Information (PII) will not be publicly available. Sensitive data that cannot be de-identified will be posted to secure government databases, such as posting of genetic sequence data in NIH's database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGAP) (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap/), where appropriate and in accordance with institutional review board (IRB) guidance and federal regulations.
Data files will be available one year after the project end date.
People requesting the data will have to fulfill the access criteria set by the respective database.
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The study was designed to expose all subjects to the six noise conditions after an adaptation night. However, the order in which subjects experienced each condition varied, resulting in seven different condition sequences. Subjects were assigned to a study group with up to 4 total participants, where each participant experienced the same condition sequence. A total of 27 subjects were enrolled and assigned to one of the seven sequences.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Noise Condition | This study uses within-subject comparison. For each subject, the order of noise conditions for each of the six nights following an adaptation night will be randomized. All subjects will receive all noise conditions. Please refer to the study design and protocol for additional information. A. Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night consisted of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B. Aviation noise plus pink noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night consisted of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C. Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D. Aviation noise plus pink noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E. Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) exposure was a pre-programmed recording of 93 sounds, including aviation-related noises (e.g. helicopter, sonic boom) and alerting noise (alarm, baby crying) with a range between 45 dB to 65 dB, played during sleep from 2300-0700. F. Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs during the sleep period. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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While 27 subjects were enrolled in the study, 25 were used for final analysis. Two subjects (N=2) were excluded from analysis due to withdrawing from the study: 1 subject withdrew from Group 2 after night 2, and 1 subject withdrew from Group 7 after night 3. An additional subject withdrew after experiencing 4 of the 6 noise conditions, and therefore their data were included in analysis of the noise conditions to which they were exposed.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Group 1: A B C D E F | Subjects in Group 1 experienced the conditions in this order: A B C D E F. |
| BG001 | Group 2: B D A F C E | Subjects in Group 2 experienced the conditions in this order: B D A F C E. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | One subject withdrew from Group 2 and was excluded from analysis. One subject withdrew from Group 7 and was excluded from analysis. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Time Spent in Slow Wave Sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (N3 + REM) | Combined time spent in sleep stages N3 and REM in minutes, as measured by polysomnography (PSG). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Minutes | Days 2-7 |
|
Subjects were monitored for adverse events over the course of their in-laboratory participation, starting with the adaptation night through the completion of the six overnight conditions, for a period of 7 nights.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Group 1: A B C D E F | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Mathias Basner, MD, PhD, MScEpi | University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine | 215-573-5866 | basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Oct 31, 2023 | Jun 16, 2025 | Prot_SAP_002.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Oct 27, 2023 | Oct 31, 2023 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004430 | Ear Protective Devices |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067393 | Personal Protective Equipment |
| D011482 | Protective Devices |
| D004864 | Equipment and Supplies |
| D011481 | Protective Clothing |
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We will investigate participants in 7 groups of 4 subjects each. For six nights following an adaptation night, a different noise condition occurred each night. Each participant of a group was exposed to the same condition in each study night. In this randomization paradigm, each condition will appear in each position exactly once, and will be preceded by each other condition exactly once.
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Subjects, study personnel and those assessing outcomes will be unaware of order of the exposure conditions. Investigators will only learn about the condition after the start of the sleep period of participants.
Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on night 1, subjects received the Control (CTRL) condition once between nights 2 to 7.
The Control (CTRL) night had no interventions. There was no background broadband noise nor aviation noise, and subjects did not wear earplugs.
For the purposes of blinding, this was Condition C.
|
| Aviation Noise Plus Pink Noise at 40 dBA (AN+BN40) | Experimental | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on night 1, subjects received the Aviation Noise plus Pink Noise at 40 dBA (AN+BN40) condition once between nights 2 to 7. The Aviation Noise plus Pink Noise at 40 dBA (AN + BN40) night consisted of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 A-weighted decibels (dBA). The aviation noise (AN) was a pre-programmed recording of 93 sounds including aviation-related noise (e.g. helicopter, sonic boom) and alerting noise (alarm, baby crying), ranging from 45 dB to 65 dB, played during sleep from 2300-0700. For the purposes of blinding, this was Condition D. |
|
| Aviation Noise (AN) | Experimental | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on night 1, subjects received the Aviation Noise (AN) condition once between nights 2 to 7. The aviation noise (AN) was a pre-programmed recording of 93 sounds including aviation-related noise (e.g. helicopter, sonic boom) and alerting noise (alarm, baby crying), ranging from 45 dB to 65 dB, played during sleep from 2300-0700. There was no broadband noise exposure overnight. For the purposes of blinding, this was Condition E. |
|
| Aviation Noise Plus Earplugs (AN+EP) | Experimental | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on night 1, subjects received the Aviation Noise plus Earplugs (AN+EP) condition once between nights 2 to 7. The aviation noise (AN) was a pre-programmed recording of 93 sounds including aviation-related noise (e.g. helicopter, sonic boom) and alerting noise (alarm, baby crying), ranging from 45 dB to 65 dB, played during sleep from 2300-0700. There was no broadband noise exposure. For the purposes of blinding, this was Condition F. |
|
| Pink noise only, 50 dBA (BN50) | Other | The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). |
|
| Aviation Noise With Earplugs (AN+EP) | Other | The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. |
|
| Aviation Noise With Pink Noise, 40 dBA (AN+BN40) | Other | The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. |
|
| Aviation Noise With Pink Noise, 50 dBA (AN+BN50) | Other | The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. |
|
| Days 2-7 |
| Cognition Speed | A single variable representing response time across 10 Cognitive tasks that cover a range of cognitive domains with known cerebral representation. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects, and z-transformed based on average and standard deviation across all tests taken. Speed across cognitive domains was calculated by averaging z-scores across the 10 tests. Higher scores reflect faster speed. Scores between -0.2 and +0.2 suggest no effect on speed (0=population mean). Between -0.2 and -0.5 suggests a small negative effect (i.e. slightly slower). Between -0.5 and -0.8 suggests a moderate negative effect. Scores below -0.8 suggest a large negative effect (i.e. significantly slower). Between 0.2 and 0.5 suggests a small positive effect (i.e. slightly faster). Between 0.5 and 0.8 suggests a moderate positive effect. Scores above 0.8 suggest a large positive effect (i.e. significantly faster). | Days 2-7 |
| Cognition Accuracy | A single variable representing response time across 10 Cognitive tasks that cover a range of cognitive domains with known cerebral representation. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects, and z-transformed based on average and standard deviation across all tests taken. Accuracy across cognitive domains was calculated by averaging z-scores across the 10 tests. Higher scores reflect better accuracy. Scores between -0.2 and +0.2 suggest no effect on accuracy (0=population mean). Between -0.2 and -0.5 suggests a small negative effect (i.e. slightly less accurate). Between -0.5 and -0.8 suggests a moderate negative effect. Scores below -0.8 suggest a large negative effect (i.e. significantly less accurate). Between 0.2 and 0.5 suggests a small positive effect (i.e. slightly more accurate). Between 0.5 and 0.8 suggests a moderate positive effect. Scores above 0.8 suggest a large positive effect (i.e. significantly more accurate). | Days 2-7 |
| Driving Simulator Standard Deviation of Lane Position | The standard deviation of lane position reflects the extent (in feet) to which participants "swerve" within the lane in a virtual driving simulator, often used to investigate the effects of impairment on driving performance, where higher values represent worse performance. | Days 2-7 |
| Riedy SM, Smith MG, Rocha S, Basner M. Noise as a sleep aid: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Feb;55:101385. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101385. Epub 2020 Sep 9. |
| 26039963 | Background | Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA, Kushida C, Malhotra RK, Martin JL, Patel SR, Quan SF, Tasali E. Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015 Jun 1;38(6):843-4. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4716. |
| 29538344 | Background | Basner M, McGuire S. WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Effects on Sleep. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Mar 14;15(3):519. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15030519. |
| 24183105 | Background | Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, Stansfeld S. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet. 2014 Apr 12;383(9925):1325-1332. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X. Epub 2013 Oct 30. |
| 42120238 | Derived | Basner M, Smith MG, Cordoza M, Kayser MS, Carlin M, Ecker AJ, Gilad Y, Park-Chavar S, Rennie K, Schneller V, Walsh S, Shou H, Cao Q, Younes M, Aeschbach D, Jones CW. The efficacy of pink noise and earplugs for mitigating sleep disruption induced by different environmental noise sources. Sleep Health. 2026 May 12:S2352-7218(26)00067-7. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2026.03.009. Online ahead of print. |
| 41627391 | Derived | Basner M, Smith MG, Cordoza M, Kayser MS, Carlin M, Ecker AJ, Gilad Y, Park-Chavar S, Rennie K, Schneller V, Walsh S, Shou H, Cao Q, Younes M, Aeschbach D, Jones CW. Efficacy of pink noise and earplugs for mitigating the effects of intermittent environmental noise exposure on sleep. Sleep. 2026 May 12;49(5):zsag001. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsag001. |
| BG002 | Group 3: C A E B C D | Subjects in Group 3 were scheduled to experience the conditions in this order: C A E B F D. However, the PSG system failed in three out of four subjects in study night 2. Therefore, it was decided by the PI to rerun the night 2 exposure (condition C) on night 6. In doing so, the condition originally planned for night 6 (condition F) was removed from this study sequence, and Group 3 subjects did not experience the condition F exposure. |
| BG003 | Group 4: D F B E A C | Subjects in Group 4 experienced the conditions in this order: D F B E A C. |
| BG004 | Group 5: E C F B D A | Subjects in Group 5 were scheduled to experience the conditions in this order: E C F A D B. However, due to an inadvertent selection of the audio sequence on night 5, the file for night 7 was played on night 5. Therefore, the noise conditions originally planned for night 5 and 7 were switched in order to expose subjects to all noise conditions. |
| BG005 | Group 6: F E D C B A | Subjects in Group 6 experienced the conditions in this order: F E D C B A. |
| BG006 | Group 7: C D E A F B | Subjects in Group 7 experienced the conditions in this order: C D E A F B. |
| BG007 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| OG002 |
| Aviation Noise With Earplugs |
Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. |
| OG003 | Aviation Noise With Pink Noise, 40 dBA | Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. |
| OG004 | Aviation Noise With Pink Noise, 50 dBA | Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. |
| OG005 | Control | Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. |
|
|
| Secondary | Cognition Efficiency | Efficiency scores from 10 brief cognitive tasks are generated from accuracy & speed of reaction/responding, represented here by standardized effect sizes, where higher scores indicate better performance. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects, and z-transformed based on average and standard deviation across all tests taken. Accuracy and speed across cognitive domains were calculated by averaging z-scores across the 10 tests, then averaged to calculate an efficiency metric. Scores between -0.2 and +0.2 suggest no effect on efficiency (0=population mean). Between -0.2 and -0.5 suggests a small negative effect (i.e. slightly less efficient). Between -0.5 and -0.8 suggests a moderate negative effect. Scores below -0.8 suggest a large negative effect. Between 0.2 and 0.5 suggests a small positive effect. Between 0.5 and 0.8 suggests a moderate positive effect. Scores above 0.8 suggest a large positive effect (i.e. significantly more efficient). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Error | Z-score | Days 2-7 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Cognition Speed | A single variable representing response time across 10 Cognitive tasks that cover a range of cognitive domains with known cerebral representation. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects, and z-transformed based on average and standard deviation across all tests taken. Speed across cognitive domains was calculated by averaging z-scores across the 10 tests. Higher scores reflect faster speed. Scores between -0.2 and +0.2 suggest no effect on speed (0=population mean). Between -0.2 and -0.5 suggests a small negative effect (i.e. slightly slower). Between -0.5 and -0.8 suggests a moderate negative effect. Scores below -0.8 suggest a large negative effect (i.e. significantly slower). Between 0.2 and 0.5 suggests a small positive effect (i.e. slightly faster). Between 0.5 and 0.8 suggests a moderate positive effect. Scores above 0.8 suggest a large positive effect (i.e. significantly faster). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Error | z-score | Days 2-7 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Cognition Accuracy | A single variable representing response time across 10 Cognitive tasks that cover a range of cognitive domains with known cerebral representation. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set effects, and z-transformed based on average and standard deviation across all tests taken. Accuracy across cognitive domains was calculated by averaging z-scores across the 10 tests. Higher scores reflect better accuracy. Scores between -0.2 and +0.2 suggest no effect on accuracy (0=population mean). Between -0.2 and -0.5 suggests a small negative effect (i.e. slightly less accurate). Between -0.5 and -0.8 suggests a moderate negative effect. Scores below -0.8 suggest a large negative effect (i.e. significantly less accurate). Between 0.2 and 0.5 suggests a small positive effect (i.e. slightly more accurate). Between 0.5 and 0.8 suggests a moderate positive effect. Scores above 0.8 suggest a large positive effect (i.e. significantly more accurate). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Error | z-score | Days 2-7 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Driving Simulator Standard Deviation of Lane Position | The standard deviation of lane position reflects the extent (in feet) to which participants "swerve" within the lane in a virtual driving simulator, often used to investigate the effects of impairment on driving performance, where higher values represent worse performance. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | Standard Deviation | feet | Days 2-7 |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 4 |
| 0 |
| 4 |
| 0 |
| 4 |
| EG001 | Group 2: B D A F C E | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG002 | Group 3: C A E B C D | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG003 | Group 4: D F B E A C | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| EG004 | Group 5: E C F B D A | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG005 | Group 6: F E D C B A | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| EG006 | Group 7: C D E A F B | Subjects were exposed to six different conditions during a sleep opportunity period from 2300-0700. After an adaptation night with no interventions on Night 1, subjects received the exposure sequence listed under Arm/Group Title. A = Pink noise, 50 dBA only (BN50): The BN50 night will consist of exposure to continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 A-weighted decibels (dBA). B = Aviation noise plus white noise 50 dBA (AN+BN50): The AN + BN50 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 50 dBA. C = Control Night (CTRL): Control night (CTRL) without noise exposure and without earplugs. D = Aviation noise plus white noise 40 dBA (AN+BN40): The AN + BN40 night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of continuous pink noise throughout the sleep period at a level of 40 dBA. E = Aviation Noise Only (AN): The aviation noise (AN) night will expose subjects to a pre-programmed recording of aviation noise during sleep from 2300-0700. F = Aviation noise plus earplugs (AN+EP): The AN + EP night will consist of the aviation noise (AN) exposure with the addition of wearing earplugs overnight. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D003020 | Clothing |
| D008420 | Manufactured Materials |
| D013676 | Technology, Industry, and Agriculture |
| Male |
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|