The goal of this single-center, prospective, observational study is to validate a software package based on an artificial intelligence algorithm for automated non-invasive estimation of LVFP against invasively measured ones by left and right heart catheterization; In addition, the added value of this new automated software to detect increased LVEDP > 15 mm Hg compared to the current ASE/EACVI algorithm for assessing diastolic dysfunction and longitudinal left atrial strain during the reservoir phase will be evaluated.

Inclusion Criteria:

• ≥ 18 yo,
• Signed informed consent to be part of this study,
• No pregnancy,
• Good acoustic window and patient cooperation to obtain good 2- and 3-dimensional datasets focused on left atrium (LA),

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unwillingness to be part of the study,
• Patients with poor 2-dimensional imaging quality in ≥ 1 LA segment or lacking of a discernible R-R interval, which might preclude accurate strain measurements,
• Patients with more than mild mitral valve heart disease, aortic regurgitation, left side valvular prosthesis or mitral valve repair, mitral annulus calcification (≥ 5 mm),
• Patients with history or presence of atrial fibrillation (AF), supraventricular arrhythmias, ventricular paced rhythm, left bundle branch block (LBBB),
• Patients taking diuretics or vasodilators (nitrates) on the day of the examination, which could alter loading conditions.

Consecutive patients referred to our cath lab for clinically indicated coronary angiography or right heart catheterization for the diagnosis of dyspnea

Available only upon reasonable request to study P.I.