Many individuals who experience a stroke have problems with their balance. In part, these balance problems may be due to sensory issues. This study will test whether sensory augmentation has the potential to improve post-stroke balance. Sensory augmentation is a method by which non-invasive vibration is used to enhance the sensory information available to users, which may make it easier to feel where they are and prevent losses of balance.

The objective of this study is to design a novel multisensory augmentation approach to improve the control of standing balance in people with chronic stroke. With sensory augmentation, artificial feedback provides the nervous system with information about the dynamic state of the body, which can be used to prevent losses of balance. This clinical trial will investigate whether multisensory augmentation produces sustained balance improvements when applied as a training device. These potential improvements will be assessed by comparing the results of clinical and biomechanical assessments before and after a 10-week balance training program, in which half of the participants will be randomly assigned sensory augmentation.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age of at least 21 years;
2. Experience of a stroke at least 6 months prior to participation;
3. Berg Balance Scale score less than 52
4. Ability to stand independently for at least 1 minute without wearing an AFO or other brace that would preclude delivery of stimulation to the ankle or foot sole
5. Provision of informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Resting blood pressure higher than 220/110 mm Hg
2. History of unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living
3. Pre-existing neurological disorders or dementia
4. Severe visual impairment
5. History of DVT or pulmonary embolism within 6 months
6. Uncontrolled diabetes with recent weight loss, diabetic coma, or frequent insulin reactions

We plan to share de-identified data that contains no protected participant information. This data will be shared in the form of pre-prints and through online servers upon study results publication.

We will share de-identified data upon study results publication, which we anticipate will happen within one year after study completion. Data will remain available in perpetuity.

All consumers of the scientific literature will have access to the shared de-identified data.

Outcomes assessors will not be informed of which group participants are assigned to, and will not be present during an training sessions. As participants will be aware whether or not they will receive sensory augmentation (in the form of vibration), they can not be masked.