Not provided
| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R34AA029649 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) | NIH |
| The City College of New York | OTHER |
| Human Sciences Research Council | OTHER_GOV |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
This project aims to develop and pilot test an intervention using couple-based motivational interviewing (MI) and mobile breathalyzers to reduce heavy alcohol use with couples living with HIV in South Africa.
This project aims to develop and test an alcohol intervention using couple-based motivational interviewing (MI) and mobile breathalyzers to build dyadic support around drinking in HIV-affected couples in South Africa. Specifically, the study aims to: 1) To develop a couple-based MI intervention with mobile breathalyzer technology to deliver real-time feedback on BAC levels. We will target heavy alcohol users with HIV and enroll their primary partner; 2) to develop and pilot test the study procedures for a future randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the couple-based intervention; and 3) to determine the feasibility and acceptability (F&A) of couple-based MI as a standalone intervention and when combined with mobile breathalyzers to provide real-time feedback and support to couples. We will also conduct qualitative interviews with a subset of 15 couples to contextualize F&A data and refine our procedures. Our goal is to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for the proposed intervention, which if shown to be feasible and acceptable, may provide a scalable intervention to reduce heavy alcohol consumption and improve HIV treatment outcomes for couples in South Africa.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enhanced Usual Care | No Intervention | Couples in this condition will receive the standard of care for alcohol use in addition to a brief alcohol counseling session modeled after WHO guidelines and Dr. Conroy's intervention in Malawi, which uses participants' baseline AUDIT scores for messaging around alcohol reduction and lasts 5-10 minutes. | |
| Motivational Interviewing (MI) | Experimental | Couples will have three MI sessions over a 60-day period. These sessions will focus on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. |
|
| Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) | Experimental | In addition to three MI sessions, drinkers in this condition will be prompted via SMS message twice per day to use a mobile app and a breathalyzer to test their blood alcohol levels (BAC). Both the drinker and their partner will receive real-time feedback about alcohol use. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motivational Interviewing | Behavioral | Counseling |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Enrollment Rate | Number of eligible individuals who enroll in the study | Baseline (Time 0) |
| Retention Rate | Number of enrolled individuals who completed the final follow-up survey (6-months post baseline) | 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction With Intervention | number of participants who report being "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the intervention at the two-month follow-up | 2 months |
| Mid-point Survey Completion | number of participants who complete the two-month survey |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Amy Conroy, Ph.D. | University of California, San Francisco | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Sciences Research Council | Pietermaritzburg | South Africa |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30218319 | Background | Conroy AA, McKenna SA, Ruark A. Couple Interdependence Impacts Alcohol Use and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi. AIDS Behav. 2019 Jan;23(1):201-210. doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2275-2. | |
| 30581887 | Background | Starks TJ, Millar BM, Doyle KM, Bertone P, Ohadi J, Parsons JT. Motivational interviewing with couples: A theoretical framework for clinical practice illustrated in substance use and HIV prevention intervention with gay male couples. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2018 Dec;5(4):490-502. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000297. Epub 2018 Jun 25. |
Not provided
Not provided
There is a plan in place to share data with the NIAAA Data Archive.
Data will be uploaded to the NIAAA Data Archive two times per year while data are being collected. It will be available indefinitely.
Users must apply for and receive permission from the NIH data archive.
People living with HIV who screened positive for heavy drinking were recruited with their primary romantic partners, who may or may not have been living with HIV and may or may not have screened positive for heavy drinking.
93 couples (186 individuals) were consented and randomized. Three couples (6 individuals) were found to be ineligible and thus were excluded from analyses of baseline characterisitcs, outcome measures and adverse events. Ninety couples (180 individuals) were included.
Participants were recruited in the community between March 15, 2023 and Nov 11, 2023.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Enhanced Usual Care- Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. They received the standard of care for alcohol use in addition to a brief alcohol counseling session modeled after WHO guidelines and Dr. Conroy's intervention in Malawi, which uses participants' baseline AUDIT scores for messaging around alcohol reduction and lasts 5-10 minutes. They attended this brief counseling session with their primary romantic partner. |
| FG001 | Enhanced Usual Care (EUC)- Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the EUC arm. They attended the brief counseling session as a couple with the heavy drinker (their partner). |
| FG002 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they attended three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. |
| FG003 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI arm. They attended the motivational interviewing sessions with the heavy drinker (their partner). |
| FG004 | Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they attended three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. In addition to the counseling sessions, they received SMS messages twice per day prompting them to use a mobile app and a breathalyzer to test their blood alcohol levels (BAC). They received real-time feedback after each test. |
| FG005 | Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI Plus arm. In addition to attending the motivational interviewing sessions as a couple with the heavy drinker (their partner), they received real-time feedback about the drinker's BAC after each taken test and were alerted if the drinker missed a scheduled test. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Enhanced Usual Care (EUC)- Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. They received the standard of care for alcohol use in addition to a brief alcohol counseling session modeled after WHO guidelines and Dr. Conroy's intervention in Malawi, which uses participants' baseline AUDIT scores for messaging around alcohol reduction and lasts 5-10 minutes. They attended this brief counseling session with their primary romantic partner. There were 31 people who were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking assigned to this condition. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Enrollment Rate | Number of eligible individuals who enroll in the study | All couples who were eligible after screening enrolled in the study (i.e., engaged in the informed consent process, completed the baseline questionnaire, and were randomized). No one refused participation after randomization either. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Baseline (Time 0) |
|
Adverse event data were collected for 1 year.
Our definition did not vary from clinicaltrials.gov. We collected information about adverse events during data collection and during calls to participants regarding scheduled visits.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Enhanced Usual Care (EUC)- Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. They received the standard of care for alcohol use in addition to a brief alcohol counseling session modeled after WHO guidelines and Dr. Conroy's intervention in Malawi, which uses participants' baseline AUDIT scores for messaging around alcohol reduction and lasts 5-10 minutes. They attended this brief counseling session with their primary romantic partner. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Amy Conroy | University of California San Francisco | 303-522-9439 | amy.conroy@ucsf.edu |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 8, 2023 | Mar 25, 2025 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | May 26, 2023 | Mar 25, 2025 | ICF_001.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000163 | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
| D000437 | Alcoholism |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015658 | HIV Infections |
| D000086982 | Blood-Borne Infections |
| D003141 | Communicable Diseases |
| D007239 | Infections |
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D062405 | Motivational Interviewing |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D037001 | Directive Counseling |
| D003376 | Counseling |
| D008605 | Mental Health Services |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
Not provided
Not provided
Couples will be randomized 1:1
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Motivational Interviewing plus Breathalyzer | Behavioral | Counseling plus mobile breathalyzer/ app |
|
| 2 months |
| Final Survey Completion | number of couples who complete the six-month survey | 6 months |
| Number of Participants Who Attended All Intervention Sessions | Number of participants who attend all three intervention sessions | 2 months |
| 70% Breathalyzer Completion | number of participants in the MI Plus - Heavy Drinker arm who complete 70% of breathalyzer tests | 2 months |
| Exploratory: ART Adherence | Percentage of pills taken by HIV-infected participants in the past 30 days, using the bean count method (self-report) adapted from VAS | 6 months |
| Exploratory: Alcohol Use- Number of Drinking Days | Number of drinking days in the past 30 days (self-report) | 6 months |
| Exploratory: Alcohol Use- Score on AUDIT at 2 Months | Mean score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- AUDIT prior 3 months. The AUDIT is a 10-item scale that assesses drinking behavior with a range of 0-40 (higher scores indicate higher alcohol use). A score of 8 or more may indicate hazardous or harmful drinking in both men and women. | 2 months |
| Exploratory: HIV Viral Load | Number of HIV-infected index patients who are virally suppressed by local lab normal ranges, as measured by dried blood spots (DBS) | 2 months |
| Exploratory: Alcohol Use- Score on AUDIT at 6 Months | Mean score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- AUDIT prior 3 months. The AUDIT is a 10-item scale that assesses drinking behavior with a range of 0-40 (higher scores indicate higher alcohol use). A score of 8 or more may indicate hazardous or harmful drinking in both men and women. | 6 months |
| 30407888 | Background | Woolf-King SE, Conroy AA, Fritz K, Johnson MO, Hosegood V, van Rooyen H, Darbes L, McGrath N. Alcohol use and relationship quality among South African couples. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(4):651-660. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1531428. Epub 2018 Nov 8. |
| 29129192 | Background | Aharonovich E, Stohl M, Cannizzaro D, Hasin D. HealthCall delivered via smartphone to reduce co-occurring drug and alcohol use in HIV-infected adults: A randomized pilot trial. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017 Dec;83:15-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.09.013. Epub 2017 Sep 29. |
| 26381193 | Background | Hahn JA, Emenyonu NI, Fatch R, Muyindike WR, Kekiibina A, Carrico AW, Woolf-King S, Shiboski S. Declining and rebounding unhealthy alcohol consumption during the first year of HIV care in rural Uganda, using phosphatidylethanol to augment self-report. Addiction. 2016 Feb;111(2):272-9. doi: 10.1111/add.13173. Epub 2015 Nov 5. |
| 31771655 | Background | Lauckner C, Taylor E, Patel D, Whitmire A. The feasibility of using smartphones and mobile breathalyzers to monitor alcohol consumption among people living with HIV/AIDS. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2019 Nov 26;14(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s13722-019-0174-0. |
| 41821038 | Derived | Conroy AA, Butterfield RM, Chibi B, Msimango L, Starks TJ. Trial experiences with dyadic breathalyzer technology for alcohol monitoring and feedback among couples living with HIV in South Africa. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2026 Mar 12;21(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s13722-026-00659-1. |
| 38296300 | Derived | Msimango L, Butterfield R, Starks TJ, van Heerden A, Neilands TB, Hahn JA, Chibi B, Humphries H, Conroy AA. Couples motivational interviewing with mobile breathalysers to reduce alcohol use in South Africa: a pilot randomised controlled trial of Masibambisane. BMJ Open. 2024 Jan 30;14(1):e083390. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083390. |
| Protocol Violation |
|
| Ineligible |
|
| BG001 | Enhanced Usual Care (EUC) Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the EUC arm. They attended the brief counseling session as a couple with the heavy drinker (their partner). |
| BG002 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they were to attend three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. |
| BG003 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI arm. In addition to attending the motivational interviewing sessions as a couple with the heavy drinker (their partner), they received real-time feedback about the drinker's BAC after each taken test and were alerted if the drinker missed a scheduled test. This group represents the romantic partners of the Heavy Drinkers assigned to the MI arm. 28 of these 30 participants also drank heavily. 15 were also living with HIV. |
| BG004 | Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they attended three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. In addition to the counseling sessions, they received SMS messages twice per day prompting them to use a mobile app and a breathalyzer to test their blood alcohol levels (BAC). They received real-time feedback after each test. |
| BG005 | Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) - Partners- Partner | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI Plus arm. In addition to attending the motivational interviewing sessions with the heavy drinker (their partner), they recieved real-time feedback about the drinker's BAC after each taken test and were alerted if the drinker missed a scheduled test. |
| BG006 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Score on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | The AUDIT is a 10-item scale that assesses alcohol use and its consequences. The score is created by summing the responses to each of the items. Scores can range from 0-28. Higher scores indicate heavier/ riskier alcohol use. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale (0-28). |
|
| Number of participants who screened positive for heavy alcohol use | At screening, we used the Alcohol Use Disorders Indentification Test- Consumption (AUDIT-C) to determine if a person was a heavy drinker. This is a three-item scale and scores range from 0 to 12. For men, a score of 4 or more indicates a likelihood of hazardous drinking. For women, the score to indicate a likelihood of hazardous drinking is 3 or more. Higher scores indicate riskier alcohol consumption. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Enhanced Usual Care (EUC) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the EUC arm. They attended the brief counseling session as a couple with the heavy drinker (their partner). |
| OG002 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they were to attend three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. |
| OG003 | Motivational Interviewing (MI)- Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI arm. They attended the motivational interviewing sessions with the heavy drinker (their partner). |
| OG004 | Motivatinal Interviewing Plus (MI Plus)- Heavy Drinkers | IPeople in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they attended three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. In addition to the counseling sessions, they received SMS messages twice per day prompting them to use a mobile app and a breathalyzer to test their blood alcohol levels (BAC). They received real-time feedback after each test. |
| OG005 | Motivational Interviewing Plus (MI Plus)- Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI Plus arm. In addition to attending the motivational interviewing sessions with the heavy drinker (their partner), they received real-time feedback about the drinker's BAC after each taken test and were alerted if the drinker missed a scheduled test. |
|
|
| Primary | Retention Rate | Number of enrolled individuals who completed the final follow-up survey (6-months post baseline) | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 6 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Satisfaction With Intervention | number of participants who report being "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the intervention at the two-month follow-up | We did not ask the participants in the Enhanced Usual Care arm about their satisfaction with the intervention. Two participants in the MI Heavy Drinkers and 2 participants in the MI Partners group did not complete the Time 2 survey, so were not asked these questions and not included in the analysis. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 2 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Mid-point Survey Completion | number of participants who complete the two-month survey | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 2 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Final Survey Completion | number of couples who complete the six-month survey | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 6 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Number of Participants Who Attended All Intervention Sessions | Number of participants who attend all three intervention sessions | Participants in the Enhanced Usual Care Arm did were not assigned to any intervention sessions. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 2 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | 70% Breathalyzer Completion | number of participants in the MI Plus - Heavy Drinker arm who complete 70% of breathalyzer tests | Only participants in the MI Plus- Heavy Drinker arm were given the breathalyzers and prompted to take tests | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 2 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exploratory: ART Adherence | Percentage of pills taken by HIV-infected participants in the past 30 days, using the bean count method (self-report) adapted from VAS | This analysis includes participants who were living with HIV and completed the 6-month follow-up survey. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percentage of pills taken | 6 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exploratory: Alcohol Use- Number of Drinking Days | Number of drinking days in the past 30 days (self-report) | This analysis excluded participants who did not complete the 6-month follow-up survey. Data is missing for one participant in the EUC- partner condition. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | days out of the last 30 | 6 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exploratory: Alcohol Use- Score on AUDIT at 2 Months | Mean score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- AUDIT prior 3 months. The AUDIT is a 10-item scale that assesses drinking behavior with a range of 0-40 (higher scores indicate higher alcohol use). A score of 8 or more may indicate hazardous or harmful drinking in both men and women. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 2 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exploratory: HIV Viral Load | Number of HIV-infected index patients who are virally suppressed by local lab normal ranges, as measured by dried blood spots (DBS) | Viral load was only tested among heavy drinkers who completed the Time 2 follow-up | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 2 months |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Exploratory: Alcohol Use- Score on AUDIT at 6 Months | Mean score on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test- AUDIT prior 3 months. The AUDIT is a 10-item scale that assesses drinking behavior with a range of 0-40 (higher scores indicate higher alcohol use). A score of 8 or more may indicate hazardous or harmful drinking in both men and women. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | 6 months |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 31 |
| 0 |
| 31 |
| 0 |
| 31 |
| EG001 | Enhanced Usual Care (EUC) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the EUC arm. They attended the brief counseling session as a couple with the heavy drinker (their partner). | 0 | 31 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 31 |
| EG002 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they were to attend three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. | 0 | 30 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 30 |
| EG003 | Motivational Interviewing (MI) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI arm. They attended the motivational interviewing sessions with the heavy drinker (their partner). | 0 | 30 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 30 |
| EG004 | Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) - Heavy Drinkers | People in this condition were living with HIV and screened positive for heavy drinking prior to enrollment. With their primary romantic partner, they attended three motivational interviewing sessions over a 60-day period. The sessions focused on communication between the couple, alcohol consumption patterns, and setting goals for alcohol-use reduction. In addition to the counseling sessions, they received SMS messages twice per day prompting them to use a mobile app and a breathalyzer to test their blood alcohol levels (BAC). They received real-time feedback after each test. | 0 | 29 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 29 |
| EG005 | Motivational Interviewing Plus Breathalyzer (MI Plus) - Partners | These participants were the primary romantic partners of the heavy drinkers assigned to the MI Plus arm. In addition to attending the motivational interviewing sessions with the heavy drinker (their partner), they received real-time feedback about the drinker's BAC after each taken test and were alerted if the drinker missed a scheduled test. | 0 | 29 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 29 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D015229 |
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral |
| D012749 | Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
| D016180 | Lentivirus Infections |
| D012192 | Retroviridae Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D014777 | Virus Diseases |
| D012897 | Slow Virus Diseases |
| D000091662 | Genital Diseases |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D007153 | Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D019973 | Alcohol-Related Disorders |
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D006296 | Health Services |
| D005159 | Health Care Facilities Workforce and Services |