The goal of this observational study is to learn about spatial and temporal nociceptive filtering in adolescents with chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs). The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. If spatial and temporal filtering of nociceptive information is disrupted in youth with COPCs compared with youth with localized pain conditions and healthy controls.
2. If disrupted nociceptive processing at baseline is associated with the transition from a single localized pain condition to COPCs in youth.

Participation includes:

• quantitative sensory testing
• blood draw
• sleep assessment
• questionnaires

While localized primary pain conditions are prevalent in youth, a significant subset of these patients experience multiple pain conditions and meet the criteria for chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs). COPCs have a marked negative impact on daily functioning and quality of life in youth and carry a high risk for continued pain and disability into adulthood. The underlying factors contributing to the development and persistence of COPCs in youth are unknown. The current proposal offers an innovative and previously unexplored approach to determine whether disruptions in spatial (concurrent noxious stimuli across the body) and temporal (noxious stimuli presented over time) filtering of nociceptive processing, reflecting pain amplification (e.g., increased facilitation and/or reduced inhibition), contribute to COPCs. Several quantitative sensory testing methods are uniquely positioned to probe disruptions in nociceptive filtering across spatial (spatial summation, SS; conditioned pain modulation, CPM) and temporal (temporal summation, TS; offset analgesia, OFA) domains. Our recent pilot studies found evidence for greater disruptions in spatial (CPM) and temporal (TS) filtering in youth with COPCs. Our primary objective is to determine if spatial and temporal filtering of nociceptive information differentiates youth with COPCs from those with localized pain and healthy controls and determine whether distinct profiles of disrupted nociceptive processing are associated with the transition of localized pain to COPCs. To accomplish this, the current study will leverage expertise and a vast clinical infrastructure (Migraine, Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Pain Management clinics) at a large pediatric medical center to enroll 140 youth with a localized pain condition (migraine, abdominal pain, local MSK), and 140 youth with COPC's. 140 healthy youth will also recruited to serve as a control group. Following initial phenotyping to delineate disruptions in spatial and temporal dimensions of nociceptive processing (Aim 1), participants will be assessed for changes in pain status (localized to COPCs) every three months for one year (Aim 2). In Aim 1, it is hypothesized that youth with COPCs will show disrupted spatial (reflected by reduced CPM and enhanced SS) and temporal (reflected by enhanced TS and reduced OFA) processing compared to youth with localized pain and healthy controls. These findings will delineate specific disruptions of nociceptive processing in patients with COPCs. For Aim 2, it is hypothesized that a subset of youth with localized pain and disrupted spatial and temporal filtering will develop COPCs. The stability of spatial and temporal filtering will be examined at clinically relevant time points. The investigators will also explore whether other factors, including concomitant treatments, influence the disrupted filtering and the transition to COPCs. Our research will provide the first insight into the presence and impact of disrupted nociceptive filtering related to COPCs and its naturalistic progression from localized pain. This information will be critical in identifying risk patterns that can be useful in the prevention of progression to COPCs and mitigating long-term risk.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. General Criteria

   • Access to the internet either by laptop, tablet, or phone (for REDCap Surveys)
   • English-speaking
   • Parent or guardian willing to comply with protocol, complete study assessments, and provide written informed consent

2. Control Specific Criteria

   • No history/active chronic pain

3. Patient Specific Criteria

   • Patients will need a diagnosis of a chronic pain derived congruent with ICD-11 criteria related to headache (migraine, daily headache), abdominal (FAPD), localized MSK (single limb/joint, low back or chest pain), or diffuse MSK (widespread MSK pain)
   • If on medications, they need to be on stable doses of prescribed pain and/or psychiatric medications for 4 weeks before the baseline study visit.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. General Criteria

   • Skin conditions (e.g., eczema) or past skin damage on the arms and legs in or near sites of sensory testing
   • Any comorbid rheumatic disease (e.g., arthritis, lupus), neurological (e.g., epilepsy, traumatic brain injury) or medical condition (e.g., cancer, diabetes)

2. Control Specific Criteria

   • Taking medications that can alter pain sensitivity (e.g., NSAIDs, opioids, stimulants, anticonvulsants; psychiatric)

3. Patient Specific Criteria

   • Present psychiatric disease as defined by DSM IV (e.g. psychosis, bipolar disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder), alcohol or drug dependence, or documented developmental delays or impairments (e.g., autism, cerebral palsy, ADHD, or mental retardation) that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with adherence to study requirements or safe participation in the study

Adolescents with localized and overlapping pain conditions

Discussing options with IRB.