This study will seek consent from parents of children enrolled in the Malaria FEVER study to obtain neuroimaging and 12-month neuropsychiatric outcomes data and kidney function on their child. The imaging and evaluations for this observational study will occur after the child has recovered from the acute malaria infection and has otherwise completed the RCT intervention and safety evaluations.

Despite eradication efforts, ~400,000 African children sustained brain injuries as a result of CNS malaria in 2016. A higher maximum temperature (Tmax) during the acute malaria infection is an established risk factor for neurologic sequelae and a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of aggressive antipyretic therapy with acetaminophen and ibuprofen conducted in Malawi and Zambia began enrollment in 2019 (R01NS102176). In that clinical trial, the primary outcome was Tmax during the acute infection. However, the antipyretic therapies used in this RCT may offer neuroprotective effects without affecting Tmax--for example, neuroprotection through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In An MRI Ancillary Study of Malaria FEVER RCT, we propose to use neuroimaging in the context of the RCT to further evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of aggressive antipyretic therapy for CNS malaria and explore possible mechanisms for these effects. Comparing children allocated to aggressive antipyretic therapy vs. usual care on the prevalence of structural brain abnormalities after recovery from CNS malaria will facilitate the evaluation of non-fever pathways for neuroprotection. Brain MRIs will be obtained in children enrolled in the RCT at 1- and 12-months post recovery. Analyses will be completed comparing the odds of having any structural injury based upon RCT treatment allocation and based upon (Tmax) stratified by treatment allocation to assess changes specifically related to response to therapy in terms of fever reduction. Potential mechanisms of aggressive antipyretic-related injury will be evaluated including assessments for treatment-related CNS bleeds. Neuroimaging is a well-established, valid proxy for neurological outcomes after brain injury including in pediatric CNS malaria. Adding this MRI ancillary study to our fever RCT may elucidate mechanisms of treatment-associated injury and allow for early identification of neuroprotection from aggressive antipyretic use that would otherwise require long-term follow-up for cognitive and behavioral assessments. This study will provide critical insights that could inform future neuroprotective studies of malaria that might incorporate imaging to optimize study design. It will also add to our understanding of the long term impact of severe malaria on chronic kidney disease risk in children.

Inclusion criteria

1. All children enrolled in the parent Malaria RCT study are eligible
2. Signed parental consent is required
3. CNS symptoms associated with malaria.

Exclusion criteria

1. Circulatory failure (cold extremities, capillary refill > 3 seconds, sunken eyes, ↓ skin turgor)
2. Vomiting in the past 2 hours
3. Serum Cr > 1.2 mg/dL
4. A history of liver disease
5. Jaundice or a total bilirubin of >3.0mg/dL
6. A history of gastric ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding
7. A history of thrombocytopenia or other primary hematologic disorder
8. Petechiae or other clinical indications of bleeding abnormalities
9. A known allergy to ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin or any non-steroidal medication
10. Any contraindication for nasogastric tube (NGT) placement and/or delivery of enteral medications

All children enrolled in the Malaria RCT who survive to discharge are eligible for enrollment.

Research data that documents, supports and validates research findings will be made available after the main findings from the final research data set have been accepted for publication. Such research data will be redacted to prevent the disclosure of personal identifiers.

1-year after study completion

reasonable written request