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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1R21MH128788-01A1 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | NIH |
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In any given cognitive domain, representations of individual elements are not independent but are organized by means of structured relations. Representations of this underlying structure are powerful, allowing generalization and inference in novel environments. In the semantic domain, structure captures associations between different semantic features or concepts (e.g., green, wings, can fly) and is known to influence the development and deterioration of semantic knowledge. The investigators recently found that humans more easily learn novel categories that contain clusters of reliably co-occurring features, revealing an influence of structure on novel category formation. However, a critical unknown is whether learned representations of structure are closely tied to category-specific elements, or whether such representations become abstract to some extent, transformed away from the experienced features. Further, if abstract structural representations do emerge, prior work provides intriguing hints that these representations may require offline consolidation during awake rest or sleep. The investigators have developed a paradigm in which carefully designed graph structures govern the pattern of feature co-occurrences within individual categories. Here the investigators implement a "structure transfer" extension of this paradigm in order to determine whether learning one structured category facilitates learning of a second identically structured category defined by a new set of features. This facilitation would provide evidence that structure representations are abstract to some degree. Aim 1 will use these methods to evaluate whether abstract structural representations emerge immediately during learning. Aim 2 will determine whether these representations persist, or emerge, over a delay, and whether sleep-based consolidation in particular is needed. The role of replay of recent experience during sleep will be evaluated using electroencephalography (EEG) paired with closed-loop targeted memory reactivation (TMR), a technique that enables causal influence over the consolidation of recently learned information in humans. This work will inform and constrain theories of semantic learning as well as theories of structure learning and representation more broadly.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate Congruent | Experimental | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features. |
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| Immediate Incongruent | Experimental | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with different structures that dictate the co-occurrence of different features. |
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| Awake Incongruent | Experimental | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. |
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| Awake Congruent | Experimental | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. |
|
| Sleep Incongruent |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congruent vs. Incongruent | Behavioral | The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Structure Knowledge for a New Modular Category in Stage 2 | Accuracy (0-100%) on the behavioral missing feature task in Stage 2, which requires participants to use their memory from earlier in the experiment to make a guess about how to fill in missing features of the category exemplars. | In Aim 1, accuracy is collected in a missing feature task 25 min. into the experiment, taking 25 min. In Aim 2, accuracy is collected in a missing feature task over 25 min in Stage 2 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anna C Schapiro, PhD | University of Pennsylvania | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19104 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Gentner, D.. Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive science. 1983;7(2): 155-170. | ||
| Background | Thibodeau PH, Flusberg SJ, Glick JJ, & Sternberg DA. An emergent approach to analogical inference. Connection Science. 2013; 25(1): 27-53. | ||
| 27082659 | Background | Collins AGE, Frank MJ. Neural signature of hierarchically structured expectations predicts clustering and transfer of rule sets in reinforcement learning. Cognition. 2016 Jul;152:160-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.04.002. Epub 2016 Apr 12. | |
| 33357385 |
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All IPD that underlie results in a publication.
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IPD will be available at the time of study publication.
IPD will be publicly available without restriction.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Aim 1 Immediate Incongruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| FG001 | Aim 1 Immediate Congruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| FG002 | Aim 2 Awake Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| FG003 | Aim 2 Awake Congruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| FG004 | Aim 2 Sleep Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered during slow wave sleep (SWS). |
| FG005 | Aim 2 Sleep Congruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered during slow wave sleep (SWS). |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
Since only a small percentage of participants enter REM sleep within the 2-hour nap opportunity, if we were to randomly assign participants to either non-REM vs. REM conditions, there would be an extremely high likelihood that participants assigned to the REM condition would never enter that sleep phase, rendering that participant's data unusable and resulting in a high attrition rate. In order to generate as much usable data as possible, we therefore decided to remove the REM condition.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Immediate Incongruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with different structures that dictate the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Structure Knowledge for a New Modular Category in Stage 2 | Accuracy (0-100%) on the behavioral missing feature task in Stage 2, which requires participants to use their memory from earlier in the experiment to make a guess about how to fill in missing features of the category exemplars. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Proportion of correct responses | In Aim 1, accuracy is collected in a missing feature task 25 min. into the experiment, taking 25 min. In Aim 2, accuracy is collected in a missing feature task over 25 min in Stage 2 |
|
One day (specifically the hours during which participants were completing tasks)
There were no risks in this study that could plausibly cause adverse events.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Immediate Congruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anna Schapiro | University of Pennsylvania | 215-898-0482 | aschapir@sas.upenn.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Nov 11, 2021 | Jun 17, 2025 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 17, 2025 | Jun 17, 2025 | SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Jul 1, 2019 | Jun 17, 2025 | ICF_002.pdf |
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| Experimental |
Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the non-Modular category, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. |
|
| Sleep Congruent (SWS) | Experimental | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during slow wave sleep (SWS), participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. |
|
| Sleep Congruent (REM) | Experimental | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. |
|
|
| Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep | Behavioral | Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
|
| Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) | Behavioral | Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. |
|
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| BG001 | Immediate Congruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| BG002 | Awake Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| BG003 | Awake Congruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| BG004 | Sleep Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the non-Modular category, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. |
| BG005 | Sleep Congruent (SWS) | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during slow wave sleep (SWS), participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. |
| BG006 | Sleep Congruent (REM) | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. |
| BG007 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
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| OG001 | Aim 1 Immediate Congruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| OG002 | Aim 2 Awake Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| OG003 | Aim 2 Awake Congruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. |
| OG004 | Aim 2 Sleep Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the non-Modular category, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered during slow wave sleep (SWS). |
| OG005 | Aim 2 Sleep Congruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the non-Modular category, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered during slow wave sleep (SWS). |
|
|
| 0 |
| 47 |
| 0 |
| 47 |
| 0 |
| 47 |
| EG001 | Immediate Incongruent | Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with different structures that dictate the co-occurrence of different features. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. | 0 | 47 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 47 |
| EG002 | Awake Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. | 0 | 26 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 26 |
| EG003 | Awake Congruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. | 0 | 25 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 25 |
| EG004 | Sleep Incongruent | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the non-Modular category, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. | 0 | 22 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| EG005 | Sleep Congruent (SWS) | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during slow wave sleep (SWS), participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 27 |
| EG006 | Sleep Congruent (REM) | Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure. Congruent vs. Incongruent: The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category. Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep: Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR): Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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