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This is an experimental study to evaluate which aspects of virtual reality (VR) software development can be optimized to increase awe in pediatric perioperative patients and their adult caregivers (e.g., parents, guardians)
Hospitalized pediatric patients, especially those undergoing anesthesia and surgery, experience anxiety and fear, resulting in lack of cooperation, withdrawal, and aggression. These reactions delay medical care and negatively impact patient experience.
This is an experimental, prospective study to evaluate which aspects of virtual reality (VR) software development can be optimized to increase awe in pediatric perioperative patients and their adult caregivers. The primary center for this study will be Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford (LPCHS) (located within Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA).
After software development, we will evaluate the awe and engagement of pediatric patients after experiencing the novel virtual reality application.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality | Experimental | Virtual reality intervention will be given 6 times in total and each session will last not more than 60 seconds. |
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| Control | Other | Participants will serve as their own controls. Participants will not be given any VR intervention at first but they are requested to fill out the survey to collect the baseline data. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality | Behavioral | Virtual reality intervention will be given 6 times in total and each session will last not more than 60 seconds. Participants will be asked to fill out a survey before the intervention to collect the baseline data, after each session of VR intervention and a final survey at the end of the study. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in awe levels measured by Global Perceived Awe Survey | Global Perceived Awe Survey contains an 7-point Likert scale . Scores range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree), with higher score indicates strongly agree to the statement. | Duration of intervention, approximately 20-30 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in engagement measured by Game Engagement Questionnaire | Game Engagement Questionnaire contains 19 items . Scores range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree), with higher score indicates strongly agree to the statement. | Duration of intervention, approximately 20-30 minutes |
| Change in awe levels measured by Perceived Vastness Survey |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucile Parkard Children's Hospital | Stanford | California | 94304 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28450730 | Background | Chirico A, Cipresso P, Yaden DB, Biassoni F, Riva G, Gaggioli A. Effectiveness of Immersive Videos in Inducing Awe: An Experimental Study. Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 27;7(1):1218. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01242-0. | |
| 22427698 | Background | Rodriguez CM, Clough V, Gowda AS, Tucker MC. Multimethod assessment of children's distress during noninvasive outpatient medical procedures: child and parent attitudes and factors. J Pediatr Psychol. 2012 Jun;37(5):557-66. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jss005. Epub 2012 Mar 16. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| The development of the Game Engagement Questionnaire: A measure of engagement in video game-playing. | View source |
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| Control | Other | For case control, participants will service as their self control and no VR intervention will be given at first. Participants will be asked to fill out a survey before the intervention to collect the baseline data. |
|
Perceived Vastness Survey contains 4 items . Scores range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree), with higher score indicates strongly agree to the statement. |
| Duration of intervention, approximately 20-30 minutes |
| Change in awe levels measured by Perceived Need for Accommodation Survey | Perceived Need for Accommodation Survey contains 3 items . Scores range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (Strongly agree), with higher score indicates strongly agree to the statement. | Duration of intervention, approximately 20-30 minutes |
| 28652955 | Background | Chon T, Ma A, Mun-Price C. Perioperative Fasting and the Patient Experience. Cureus. 2017 May 24;9(5):e1272. doi: 10.7759/cureus.1272. |
| 29403409 | Background | Chirico A, Ferrise F, Cordella L, Gaggioli A. Designing Awe in Virtual Reality: An Experimental Study. Front Psychol. 2018 Jan 22;8:2351. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02351. eCollection 2017. |
| 32426648 | Background | Caruso TJ, O'Connell C, Qian JJ, Kung T, Wang E, Kinnebrew S, Pearson M, Kist M, Menendez M, Rodriguez ST. Retrospective Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Virtual Reality in a Pediatric Hospital. Pediatr Qual Saf. 2020 Apr 10;5(2):e293. doi: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000293. eCollection 2020 Mar-Apr. |
| 36040069 | Background | Richey AE, Hastings KG, Karius A, Segovia NA, Caruso TJ, Frick S, Rodriguez S. Virtual Reality Reduces Fear and Anxiety During Pediatric Orthopaedic Cast Room Procedures: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr Orthop. 2022 Nov-Dec 01;42(10):600-607. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000002250. Epub 2022 Aug 30. |
| 35993398 | Background | Tas FQ, van Eijk CAM, Staals LM, Legerstee JS, Dierckx B. Virtual reality in pediatrics, effects on pain and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis update. Paediatr Anaesth. 2022 Dec;32(12):1292-1304. doi: 10.1111/pan.14546. Epub 2022 Sep 1. |
| 31136330 | Background | Eijlers R, Utens EMWJ, Staals LM, de Nijs PFA, Berghmans JM, Wijnen RMH, Hillegers MHJ, Dierckx B, Legerstee JS. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Virtual Reality in Pediatrics: Effects on Pain and Anxiety. Anesth Analg. 2019 Nov;129(5):1344-1353. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004165. |
| 36330583 | Background | Gao Y, Xu Y, Liu N, Fan L. Effectiveness of virtual reality intervention on reducing the pain, anxiety and fear of needle-related procedures in paediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2023 Jan;79(1):15-30. doi: 10.1111/jan.15473. Epub 2022 Nov 3. |
| The development of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S): A multifactorial measure for a complex emotion | View source |