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Chronic post-surgical pain is a problem that has historically been underestimated. Over the last few years there has been a search for strategies to both predict and prevent its occurrence in patients undergoing surgery. The Gendolcat index is the only predictive model that uses only objective pre-surgical variables to assess the risk of suffering chronic post-surgical pain. However, it is only validated for the following surgeries: thoracotomy, hysterectomy and open inguinal hernia. Our aim is to test whether the Gendolcat model is also valid for cesarean section.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women undergoing cesarean section | This study is designed with a single cohort of women who will undergo a scheduled cesarean section |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire | Other | All patients should complete the following questionnaires: On the day of surgery:
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Gendolcat score | The Gendolcat score assesses the likelihood of suffering chronic post-surgical pain | The Gendolcat score will be assessed on the day patients are included in the study |
| Categoric Pain Scale | These pain scales give people a simple way to rate their pain intensity using a verbal or visual descriptor of their pain. | Done during physical examination will be performed 3 months after cesarean section. |
| Numeric Pain Scale | Patients are asked to circle the number between 0 and 10, 0 and 20 or 0 and 100 that fits best to their pain intensity | Done during physical examination will be performed 3 months after cesarean section. |
| Short Edition of the Brief Pain Inventory | Rapidly assesses the severity of pain and its impact on functioning | Done during physical examination will be performed 3 months after cesarean section. |
| DN4 Questionnaire | To estimate the probability of neuropathic pain | Done during physical examination will be performed 3 months after cesarean section. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria
informed consent.
- Patients with a high language barrier.
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Patients undergoing elective cesarean section.
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol | Recruiting | Badalona | Barcelona | 08916 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30586070 | Background | Schug SA, Lavand'homme P, Barke A, Korwisi B, Rief W, Treede RD; IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain. Pain. 2019 Jan;160(1):45-52. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001413. | |
| 16698416 | Background | Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1618-25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68700-X. |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Mar 10, 2026 | |
| Reset | Mar 27, 2026 |
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| Questionnaire | Other | The investigators should complete a questionnaire during the surgical procedure specifying the anesthetic technique used, drugs and doses used and record any incident during the surgical procedure |
|
| Questionnaire | Other | The investigators should complete a questionnaire 24 hours after surgery to assess the possible presence of postoperative pain as well as the intensity and need for rescue analgesia. |
|
| Questionnaire via telephone call | Other | At 3 months, patients will be called and a structured questionnaire will be completed to assess the presence of chronic postoperative pain. |
|
| Physical examination | Other | Those women who, after the telephone call, are considered to have chronic post-surgical pain will undergo a physical examination to confirm it. The type of pain and its intensity will also be evaluated. The impact on their daily physical activity and quality of life will be evaluated by means of a questionnaire. |
|
| 31986126 | Background | Stuart AR, Kuck K, Naik BI, Saager L, Pace NL, Domino KB, Posner KL, Alpert SB, Kheterpal S, Sinha AK, Brummett CM, Durieux ME; the MPOG EOS Investigator Group. Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group Enhanced Observation Study Postoperative Pain Profiles, Analgesic Use, and Transition to Chronic Pain and Excessive and Prolonged Opioid Use Patterns Methodology. Anesth Analg. 2020 Jun;130(6):1702-1708. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004568. |
| 22337572 | Background | Althaus A, Hinrichs-Rocker A, Chapman R, Arranz Becker O, Lefering R, Simanski C, Weber F, Moser KH, Joppich R, Trojan S, Gutzeit N, Neugebauer E. Development of a risk index for the prediction of chronic post-surgical pain. Eur J Pain. 2012 Jul;16(6):901-10. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00090.x. Epub 2011 Dec 23. |
| 29121211 | Background | Mathes T, Pape-Kohler C, Moerders L, Lux E, Neugebauer EAM. External Validation and Update of the RICP-A Multivariate Model to Predict Chronic Postoperative Pain. Pain Med. 2018 Aug 1;19(8):1674-1682. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx242. |
| 28524782 | Background | Meretoja TJ, Andersen KG, Bruce J, Haasio L, Sipila R, Scott NW, Ripatti S, Kehlet H, Kalso E. Clinical Prediction Model and Tool for Assessing Risk of Persistent Pain After Breast Cancer Surgery. J Clin Oncol. 2017 May 20;35(15):1660-1667. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.70.3413. Epub 2017 Mar 13. |
| 32541391 | Background | Montes A, Roca G, Cantillo J, Sabate S; GENDOLCAT Study Group. Presurgical risk model for chronic postsurgical pain based on 6 clinical predictors: a prospective external validation. Pain. 2020 Nov;161(11):2611-2618. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001945. |
| 25985024 | Background | Montes A, Roca G, Sabate S, Lao JI, Navarro A, Cantillo J, Canet J; GENDOLCAT Study Group. Genetic and Clinical Factors Associated with Chronic Postsurgical Pain after Hernia Repair, Hysterectomy, and Thoracotomy: A Two-year Multicenter Cohort Study. Anesthesiology. 2015 May;122(5):1123-41. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000611. |
| 14674981 | Background | Nikolajsen L, Sorensen HC, Jensen TS, Kehlet H. Chronic pain following Caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Jan;48(1):111-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00271.x. |
| 27756207 | Background | Jin J, Peng L, Chen Q, Zhang D, Ren L, Qin P, Min S. Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following cesarean section: a prospective study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2016 Oct 18;16(1):99. doi: 10.1186/s12871-016-0270-6. |
| 34121077 | Background | Sharma LR, Schaldemose EL, Alaverdyan H, Nikolajsen L, Chen D, Bhanvadia S, Komen H, Yaeger L, Haroutounian S. Perioperative factors associated with persistent postsurgical pain after hysterectomy, cesarean section, prostatectomy, and donor nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2022 Mar 1;163(3):425-435. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002361. |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mar 10, 2026 | Mar 27, 2026 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011795 | Surveys and Questionnaires |
| D012149 | Restraint, Physical |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |
| D032763 | Behavior Control |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D007103 | Immobilization |
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