Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is often associated with long-term macrovascular and microvascular complications and decreased life expectancy. Approximately 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are overweight or obese. Weight loss benefits several aspects of DM2, such as improved glycemic control, increased insulin sensitivity and reduced fasting insulin. Interventions for weight loss in patients with DM2 include diet, exercise, but also pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery is indicated at a body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m², in combination with other comorbidities. It is associated with better glycemic control and more weight reduction, compared to intensive medical treatment alone. For patients with not adequately controlled DM2 who are not eligible for surgery (i.e., BMI of < 35 kg/m²), there is a therapeutic gap, which could be filled by one of the currently available endoscopic therapies aiming to reduce weight. One of these therapies is endoscopic sutured gastroplasty (ESG), performed with the endomina device (EndoTools Therapeutics S.A.). There is however a paucity of data showing the effect of ESG on metabolic comorbidities including DM2. We hypothesize that ESG with the endomina device will improve glycemic control in patients with DM2 and obesity.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ESG with the endomina device on glycemic control, in obese insulin treated type 2 diabetic patients.

Study design: This is a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Study population: 58 subjects (29 in each group) with a BMI between 30 and 40 kg/m² and DM2, treated with insulin therapy.

Intervention (if applicable): The intervention group will receive ESG performed with the endomina device. The control group will receive standard diabetic care.

Main study parameters/endpoints: The primary endpoint is the proportion of patients with a clinically relevant reduction of insulin dose. Secondary endpoints include among others reduction in HbA1c, remission of diabetes, weight loss, quality of life and (serious) adverse events.

Nature and extent of the burden and risks associated with participation, benefit and group relatedness: An ESG with the endomina device is known to have only minor adverse events (transient abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting), and a serious adverse event rate of <1% (no surgical intervention needed, no mortality).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age between 18-65 years

• Diagnosed with DM2

  • since at least 1 year
  • currently under stable dose of insulin for at least 6 months
  • with or without use of any other oral glucose lowering medication (e.g., metformin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist)

• HbA1c level of 7.0-11.0% (53-75 mmol/mol) prior to inclusion

• BMI of 30-40 kg/m²

• Must be able to comply with all study requirements for the duration of the study as outlined in the protocol (including compliance to treatment, dietary follow up, visits as scheduled and all study specific procedures)

• Must be able to understand and be willing to provide written informed consent

• Must be eligible for general anesthesia or deep sedation with propofol

Exclusion Criteria:

• Achalasia and any other esophageal motility disorders
• Severe esophagitis (grade C or D)
• Gastro-duodenal ulcer
• Gastrointestinal stenosis or obstruction
• Any history of esophageal or gastric surgery
• Heart diseases: unstable angina, myocardial infarction within the past year, or heart disease classified within the New York Heart Association's Class III or IV functional capacity
• Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure >180 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >100 mm Hg under medication) during last 3 months;
• Severe renal, hepatic, pulmonary disease or cancer (cancer in the past 5 years, except basal cell carcinoma)
• Known with, or history of, eating disorder
• Pregnancy, breast feeding or desire to become pregnant in the coming 12 months
• Any previous bariatric surgery, or endoscopic obesity-related intervention (including Primary Obesity Surgery Endoscopic (POSE), OverStitch, etc.). Intragastric balloon removed within the last 6 months
• Planned gastric surgery 60 days post intervention
• Anticoagulant therapy that cannot be temporarily stopped at the time of the procedure.
• Currently participating in another study (involving change of treatment).

Upon request after publication