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Spasticity is the most common motor disorder in cerebral palsy (CP). The objectives of his therapeutic approach include; reducing pain, ease of use of orthopedic aids, improving posture, minimizing contractures and deformity, and facilitating mobility and dexterity, with the ultimate goal of maximizing the potential of the patient and promoting their independence and quality of life. The approach to spasticity in CP is complex and presents itself as a great challenge for the rehabilitation team. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) has been established in recent years as an effective, non-invasive alternative with hardly any side effects (small bruises or discomfort during the application) for the management of spasticity in patients with CP. rESWT is a relatively new therapy in the field of neurology, in 2010 was published the first clinical trial where shock waves were applied for the management of spasticity in patients with CP. Currently, few works have studied the efficacy of rESWT in patients with CP. In all of them, the results demonstrated the treatment's effectiveness in reducing spasticity locally in people with CP up to 3 months after the application. The group most studied muscle has been the Triceps Surae, and there is a great disparity regarding the doses of treatment applied in each study, especially regarding the number of sessions and the time interval between sessions. The most widely used protocol is 3 rESWT sessions with a time interval of 1 week between session; This protocol was established as the most effective in the treatment of trauma pathology. Despite all the variability in the administration of the dose, we have been able to observe that none of them has studied the effect of rESWT by lengthening the time interval between sessions beyond one week to check whether the therapeutic effects on spasticity can be prolonged over time by applying the same dose. Most of the studies conclude that future research should be aimed at studying the most optimal dose of treatment as well as evaluating the long-term results.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Active Comparator | 3 rESWT sessions with a time interval of 1 week between each session. |
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| Experimental Group A | Experimental | 3 rESTW sessions with a time interval of 2 weeks between each session. |
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| Experimental Group B | Experimental | 3 rESTW sessions with a time interval of 4 weeks between each session. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) | Other | Radial shock waves are ballistic waves generated by injection of compressed air inside an applicator that fires a projectile into the itself and impacts against the application head |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in passive range of movement and the stretching reflex in ankle dorsiflexion. Tardieu Scale | Assess the change in degrees of passive range of motion and the ankle dorsiflexion stretch reflex measured with an inclinometer | Base line,3,5,9,12 and 24 weeks |
| Change in goal attainment scale (GAS) | Goal attainment scale: Definition of an individual goal at the start. Will be assess the achievement or not of an objective and evaluates the expectations of improvement in each of the goals with a numerical scale from -2 to +2: (-2) Result much lower than expected (-1) Lower than expected result (0) Expected result (+1) Result higher than expected (+2) Result much higher than expected | Setting of goal(s) at start (base line), assesment al 3,5,9,12 and 24 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain secondary to spasticity assessed by the visual analog scale | If the patient presents pain secondary to spasticity, evaluate the degree of improvement after therapy using the visual analog scale where the value 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst possible pain. | Base line,3,5,9,12 and 24 weeks |
| Satisfaction with the therapy assessed by the visual analog scale |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Have received treatment with shock waves in the Triceps Surae or any other muscle of the lower extremity in the 6 months before the study.
Have received treatment with botulinum toxin and/or treatment focal intramuscular injection with phenol or alcohol in the Triceps Surae or some other lower extremity muscle in the 6 months before the study.
Patients who have undergone surgery for deformities foot orthotics in the last year.
Fixed deformities in the ankle joint.
Clinical signs of myopathy and neuropathy.
Infection or tumor at the site of application of the therapy*.
Severe blood dyscrasia*.
Blood coagulation disorders*.
Treatment with oral anticoagulants*
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| MÃriam Tur Segura, First | Fundació Aspace Catalunya | Principal Investigator |
| Raimon Milà Villarroel, third | Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Blanquerna - Universitat Ramon Llull | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fundació Aspace Catalunya | Barcelona | 08038 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23346889 | Background | Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jette N, Pringsheim T. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013 Jun;55(6):509-19. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12080. Epub 2013 Jan 24. | |
| 20101040 | Background | Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society; Delgado MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, Ashwal S, Fehlings DL, McLaughlin J, Morrison LA, Shrader MW, Tilton A, Vargus-Adams J. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2010 Jan 26;74(4):336-43. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cbcd2f. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002547 | Cerebral Palsy |
| D009128 | Muscle Spasticity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001925 | Brain Damage, Chronic |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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Evaluate the degree of improvement perceived by the patient in relation to the therapy using the visual analog scale where the value 0 is no perceived improvement and 10 is the maximum expected improvement |
| Base line,3,5,9,12 and 24 weeks |
| Adverse effects by Data collection notebook | Possible adverse effects secondary to treatment such as small bruises, petechiae, or muscle fatigue will be recorded in the data collection notebook | Base line,3,5,9,12 and 24 weeks |
| 23346608 | Background | National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). Spasticity in Children and Young People with Non-Progressive Brain Disorders: Management of Spasticity and Co-Existing Motor Disorders and Their Early Musculoskeletal Complications. London: RCOG Press; 2012 Jul. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK116583/ |
| 22014321 | Background | Ramstad K, Jahnsen R, Skjeldal OH, Diseth TH. Characteristics of recurrent musculoskeletal pain in children with cerebral palsy aged 8 to 18 years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Nov;53(11):1013-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04070.x. |
| 22851256 | Background | Benini R, Shevell MI. Updates in the treatment of spasticity associated with cerebral palsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012 Dec;14(6):650-9. doi: 10.1007/s11940-012-0192-7. |
| 11400888 | Background | Ogden JA, Alvarez RG, Levitt R, Marlow M. Shock wave therapy (Orthotripsy) in musculoskeletal disorders. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001 Jun;(387):22-40. doi: 10.1097/00003086-200106000-00005. |
| 26585999 | Background | Schmitz C, Csaszar NB, Milz S, Schieker M, Maffulli N, Rompe JD, Furia JP. Efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for orthopedic conditions: a systematic review on studies listed in the PEDro database. Br Med Bull. 2015;116(1):115-38. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldv047. Epub 2015 Nov 18. |
| 29625618 | Background | Mattyasovszky SG, Langendorf EK, Ritz U, Schmitz C, Schmidtmann I, Nowak TE, Wagner D, Hofmann A, Rommens PM, Drees P. Exposure to radial extracorporeal shock waves modulates viability and gene expression of human skeletal muscle cells: a controlled in vitro study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018 Apr 6;13(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-0779-0. |
| 16109905 | Background | Manganotti P, Amelio E. Long-term effect of shock wave therapy on upper limb hypertonia in patients affected by stroke. Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):1967-71. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000177880.06663.5c. Epub 2005 Aug 18. |
| 20358168 | Background | Amelio E, Manganotti P. Effect of shock wave stimulation on hypertonic plantar flexor muscles in patients with cerebral palsy: a placebo-controlled study. J Rehabil Med. 2010 Apr;42(4):339-43. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0522. |
| 22207070 | Background | Vidal X, Morral A, Costa L, Tur M. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) in the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. NeuroRehabilitation. 2011;29(4):413-9. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2011-0720. |
| 32556354 | Background | Vidal X, Marti-Fabregas J, Canet O, Roque M, Morral A, Tur M, Schmitz C, Sitja-Rabert M. Efficacy of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy compared with botulinum toxin type A injection in treatment of lower extremity spasticity in subjects with cerebral palsy: A randomized, controlled, cross-over study. J Rehabil Med. 2020 Jun 30;52(6):jrm00076. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2703. |
| 42327806 | Derived | Tur Segura M, Morral A, Gimeno Esteve F, Biedermann Villagra T, Mangas Hernandez A, Ancosta Diez S, Jimenez Redondo J, Garcia Rodriguez N, Mila Villarroel R. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial with different time intervals between sessions. Front Neurol. 2026 Jun 5;17:1775659. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1775659. eCollection 2026. |
| 38957349 | Derived | Tur Segura M, Gimeno Esteve F, Biedermann Villagra T, Jimenez Redondo J, Garcia Rodriguez N, Mila Villarroel R. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol. 2024 Jun 13;15:1402452. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1402452. eCollection 2024. |
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D009122 | Muscle Hypertonia |
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |