There is no funds available for the study.

The goal of this study is to learn about the impact of abstinence periods on sperm quality in healthy males 20-45 years of age with no significant comorbidities who are able to produce a semen sample via masturbation. The main question it aims to answer is:

• Do shorter abstinence periods result in improved semen quality?

Participants will provide semen samples for analysis following abstinence periods of 7 days, 5 days, 2 days, 1 day, and 3 hours.

Participant Duration: Total length of time on study per subject is 14 days (including 5 days of visit required for sample production). Subjects do not need to complete the visits in order but need to document abstinence period prior to sample production. No follow up will be needed after the study.

Primary Objective: The primary objective is to examine the differences in semen analysis parameters after varying abstinence periods (7 days, 5 days, 2 days, 1 day, 3 hours).

Secondary Objectives: The secondary objective(s) is to assess changes in sperm DNA fragmentation after varying abstinence periods (7 days, 5 days, 2 days, 1 day, 3 hours).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Males, aged 20-45 years
• Healthy, no significant comorbidities
• Able to produce a semen sample by masturbation
• Total sperm count ≥ 1 million sperm
• Abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay value ≥ 20%)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age < 20 or > 45 years
• Significant comorbidities, including significant cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hematologic, or neurologic disease
• Total sperm count < 1 million sperm
• Aspermia (semen volume = 0)
• Normal sperm DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay value < 20%)

Male