miRNAs have been detected in different bodily fluids, which suggests significant potential, such as their use as biomarkers in diagnostics and prognostics. Sha-mir-71a was abundantly found in the urine of patients with bladder cancer as compared to benign bladder cystitis associated with schistosomiasis . Additionally, this miRNA was more highly detected in urine samples from patients with bilharzial bladder cancer than bladder cancer not associated with bilharziasis (schistosomiasis), suggesting its specificity in the identification of bladder cancer associated with infection.

Inclusion Criteria:

• urinary symptoms (hematuria, urinary retention, dysuria… etc.), who were planned to undergo cystoscopy for suspicion of bladder cancer (BC) or benign bilharzial cystitis (Bil), will be selected.

Exclusion Criteria:

• : In bladder cancer group Patients who have received chemotherapy, or with previously diagnosed other malignancy within the past 5 years.