Surgeons had a virtual 3D reconstruction of the patient's pulmonary anatomy by the Visible Patient Planning (VP) software

Surgeons had at their disposal on the operating field, in a transparent sterile bag, the 3D printed model, made from the virtual 3D VP software of the patient's lung anatomy

Lung resection

measure of mental workload by the NASA-TLX score at the end of the surgery: It is a multidimensional rating scale that has six bipolar dimensions: mental demand (MD); physical demand (PD); time demand (TD); self performance (P); effort (E); and frustration (F). The dimensions thus reflect tasks (DM, PD, TD), performance (P), and behavioral factors (E and F). NASA-TLX is calculated through a self-questionnaire, using 20-point visual analogue scales anchored by very low and very high. The test provides a global load score between zero and 100 and by sub-dimensions, higher scores indicating higher mental loads of subjective perceptions.

To assess stress, the surgeon wore a Holter device throughout the surgical procedure

For the evaluation of the surgeon's attention to work at the end of the surgery, we used first d2-R test.

Scoring of the d2-R test included the following: concentration performance (CC), which represents the capacity of concentration; total number of target items processed, included the omitted ones (CCT), which informs about the speed of processing the test; percentage of errors (E%) which is defined as (total number of errors x 100)/CCT, and reflects performance accuracy.

These scores are standardized to standard score (NS), used by default for the computerized d2-R. The NS ranges from 20 to 80, with an average of 50. In the normal distribution scale of the d2-R test, 7% of the normative subjects scored under 35, 24% scored between 35 and 44, 38% scored between 45 and 55, 24% scored from 56 to 65 and 7% scored over 65. The scores are consider very weak, weak, mean, high and very high, respectively.