It is an observational, case-control study aimed at early-detection of multiple myeloma and constructing a prognostic model of multiple myeloma. The study will enroll approximately 398 participants including patients with multiple myeloma, patients with benign hematologic disorders and healthy participants.

Inclusion Criteria for Cancer Participants:

• Age 40-75 years
• Ability to provide a written informed consent
• Pathologically confirmed diagnosis of multiple myeloma or highly suspicious cases of multiple myeloma
• No prior or ongoing anti-cancer treatment (local or systematic) prior to study blood draw

Inclusion Criteria for Benign Disease Participants:

• Age 40-75 years
• Ability to provide a written informed consent
• Pathologically confirmed diagnosis of benign hematologic disorders or highly suspicious cases with benign hematologic disorders
• No prior or ongoing radical treatment of the benign hematologic disorders prior to study blood draw

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Participants

• Age 40-75 years
• Ability to provide a written informed consent
• No cancer-related symptoms or other uncomfortable symptoms prior to study blood draw

Exclusion Criteria for All Participants:

• Insufficient qualified blood samples
• Recipient of organ transplant or prior non-autologous (allogeneic) bone marrow or stem cell transplant
• Recipient of blood transfusion within 7 days prior to blood draw
• Recipient of anti-tumor drugs to treat non-cancer diseases within 30 days prior to blood draw, such as rheumatic drugs (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, or azathioprine), or endocrine drugs (tamoxifen)

Additional Exclusion Criteria for Cancer Participants:

• Other current malignant diseases or multiple primary tumors

Additional Exclusion Criteria for Benign Disease Participants:

• Current or history of malignancies

Additional Exclusion Criteria for Healthy Participants:

• Recipient of anti-infectious therapy within 14 days prior to study blood draw
• Prior or ongoing treatment of cancer within 3 years prior to study blood draw
• Current autoimmune disease or clinically significant or uncontrolled comorbidities

Eligible participants will be recruited from the participating medical center and assigned into three arms, including participants with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, benign hematologic disorders and healthy participants.