For periampullary and pancreatic head disorders, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the standard treatment. However, PD is technically demanding and has high morbidity and mortality rates. The most significant and life-threatening complication of PD is postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), with reported rates of 5 to 70% for total POPF and 10 to 45% for clinically relevant (CR-POPF). Operative risk variables for CR-POPF after PD were investigated in this study.

For periampullary and pancreatic head disorders, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the standard treatment. However, PD is technically demanding and has high morbidity and mortality rates. The most significant and life-threatening complication of PD is postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), with reported rates of 5 to 70% for total POPF and 10 to 45% for clinically relevant (CR-POPF). Operative risk variables for CR-POPF after PD were investigated in this study.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with resectable distal CBD carcinoma, periampullary carcinoma, duodenal carcinoma, and carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.
2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores I & II.
3. Patients aged > 20 years.
4. Agreement to complete the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with benign disease, trauma, and receive neoadjuvant therapy.
2. double primary cancers.

more than 20 years

all consecutive patients who were treated with a pancreaticoduodenectomy