All participants will receive trainings for 60 minutes per day, two days per week for 16 sessions.

The control group is performing traditional cognitive training program.

The digit symbol test involves a key consisting of the numbers 1-9, each paired with a unique, easy-to-draw symbol such as a "V", "+" or ">".

Matrix Reasoning

This is a nonverbal reasoning task in which individuals are asked to identify patterns in designs. This subtest measures:

• non-verbal reasoning skills
• broad visual intelligence
• perceptual organization skills

The short (12-item) form of the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog-12), which was developed as an informant-rated report of cognitively mediated functional abilities in older adults. The ECog-12 asks participants to rate their current ability to perform cognitively mediated daily tasks related to everyday memory, language, visuospatial abilities, and executive functions compared with their ability to do the same task 10 years ago. Items are rated on a scale of 1-4, with 1 = Better or no change and 4 = Consistently much worse. The global, executive, and memory ECog-12 sub-domain scores were generated by averaging over the component items (sum of items/number of items) to maintain a range of 1 to 4 (with higher scores reflecting greater self-reported SCD).

The Amsterdam Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (A-IADL) is an adaptive and computerized questionnaire designed to assess impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in (early) dementia. The questionnaire is completed by a caregiver, such as a relative or friend.

Each item has a 5-point scale response option (scored 0-4). The scoring of the Amsterdam Instrumental Activity of Daily Living is calculated using item response theory .Lower scores indicating poorer performance.

The TPIADL was designed to assess IADL ability in five domains: communication, finance, cooking, shopping and medicine use. To allow culture- and lifestyle-specific measurement, actual and simulated everyday objects were employed as stimulus materials.

To develop more easily comprehensible stimuli materials, pictorial representations of a telephone directory and medication directions were used in the communication and medicine use tasks. Performance-based tasks were time-limited to 30 seconds, and the scoring reflected the level of efficiency in terms of the cognitive processing speed. The score for each task ranged from 1 to 3: 1 -completed without error and within 30 seconds; 2 -erroneous response within the time limit but corrected after a verbal cue; and 3 -not completed with errors within the time limit and unable to correct even following a verbal cue. The total score ranged from 5 to 15, with a higher score indicating a poorer performance in IADL.

The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Old questionnaires demonstrate acceptable psychometric performance in a convenience sample of Taiwan older people. It are valuable measures of Quality of Life-Old for use with older people.Time frame for assessment is the past two weeks.

The items are distributed into 4 domains (physical; psychological, social and environmental health) and 25 facets.

As with the standard WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version was simplified from the WHOQOL long form for Taiwan. For the purpose of cross-cultural comparison, the first 26 items were the same as the standard WHOQOL-BREF, which was developed from global studies. In addition to the 26 items, we applied the psychometric criteria proposed by the WHOQOL Group to select two more items from each of the two new facets to form the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version using data from the same 1,068 subjects. The selection process used for national items is described in the Results section. Thus, the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version contains 28 items classified into the same four domains as the standard WHOQOL-BREF. The scale administration and scoring procedures are the same as for the WHOQOL long form except that the facet score is based on only one item.

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a screening test originally developed by J.A. Yesavage and colleagues in 1982 that is used to identify symptoms of depression in older adults. The scale is a 30-item, self-report instrument that uses a "Yes/No" format.

It comprised eight open-ended questions focusing on the meaning and interpretation of 'subjective well-being', e.g., 'Can participants tell me what the important contributors to your well-being are?', 'Can participants describe the important elements in your life that make you feel happy?', 'Can participants describe the important elements in your life that participants dislike?' and 'What does well-being personally mean to participants?' To adapt the Aging Well Profile for a Chinese population in Taiwan was secured. It was agreed that the new version would be called the Chinese Aging Well Profile (CAWP).