Using a stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial, the study will test whether a clinic-level multidimensional intervention conducted in 36 opioid treatment programs (OTPs) will improve clinical decision making, regulatory confusion, legal liability concerns, capacity for clinical practice change, and financial barriers to take- home dosing (THD) for methadone as compared to treatment as usual.

Regulatory changes made during the COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) that relaxed criteria for take- home dosing (THD) of methadone offer an opportunity to improve retention in care with a lifesaving treatment. Methadone is a highly effective medication for treating opioid use disorders (OUD) that is provided in opioid treatment programs (OTPs). Yet, longstanding regulatory restrictions limit the availability of methadone as well as create demands that heavily burden clients by requiring frequent visits to clinics. The rationale for these regulations is to safeguard against diversion and overdoses from methadone. Yet, the history and application of methadone regulations stem from stigmatized and racist notions of people with OUD. Most OTPs are located within communities with predominantly Black/African American or Latinx populations. Consequently, Black/African American and Latinx individuals have greater access to methadone than other, less restricted, medications for OUD. Within OTPs, Black/African American and Latinx individuals are less likely to receive adequate dosing levels of methadone and have lower retention than non-Hispanic White clients. More flexible THD may help address disparities in care. Currently, there is a national debate about balancing safety concerns over more flexible THD against the benefits of client retention and quality of life. Low offering of THD in many OTPs suggests a need for new data-driven interventions to encourage changes in engrained clinical workflows and long-standing stigmatizing beliefs about OUD clients. OTP leadership and staff express concern about misapplying regulatory flexibility, of iatrogenic effects of greater THD, and about legal liability from overdoses or diversion. Finally, financial concerns mount for organizations that have long based their business models on billing for frequent in-person medication dispensing. This project stems from a well-established academic-public partnership in New York State between the Office of Addiction Services and Supports (OASAS) and research collaborators from New York University, Cornell University, and the University of Connecticut. The investigators propose a two-part project to develop then test a multidimensional OTP intervention to address clinical decision making, regulatory confusion, legal liability concerns, capacity for clinical practice change, and financial barriers to THD. The intervention will include OTP THD specific dashboards drawn from multiple State databases. The approach will be informed by the Health Equity Implementation Framework. In year 1, the investigators will employ an explanatory sequential mixed method design to combine analysis of large state administrative databases-Medicaid, treatment registry, THD reporting-with qualitative interviews to refine the intervention. In years 2-5, the investigators will conduct a stepped-wedge trial with 36 OTPs (~10,800 Medicaid clients/yr) randomized to 6 cohorts of a six-month long clinic-level intervention over three years. The trial will test the effects of the intervention on 1) THD; 2) retention in care; and 3) adverse healthcare events. The investigators will specifically examine the effects of the intervention for Black/African American and Latinx clients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Clinic staff inclusion will include anyone who works at the 10 clinics that the OASAS client data system generates from the quantitative analysis in year one. In years 2-5, clinics chosen by the OASAS client data system will be placed into six cohorts. Only staff from these clinics will be eligible.
• Patient inclusion will include anyone aged 18 or older who has been receiving take-home methadone for at least 30 days.

Exclusion Criteria

• There are no exclusion criteria related to sex/gender to increase the generalizability of the findings. The investigators will note include children in this study because the treatment system that we are examining largely excludes adolescents and younger children.

Aggregate data will be reported to protect privacy of participants. Data will be shared upon reasonable request beginning 9 months and ending 36 months following article publication or as required by a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research provided the investigator who proposes to use the data executes a data use agreement with NYU Langone Health. Requests may be directed to: Charles.Neighbors@nyulangone.The protocol and statistical analysis plan will be made available on Clinicaltrials.gov only as required by federal regulation or as a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research.

Beginning 9 months and ending 36 months following article publication or as required by a condition of awards and agreements supporting the research.

The investigator who proposes to use the data will be granted access upon reasonable request. Requests should be directed to Charles.Neighbors@nyulangone. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.