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This study will evaluate the physiologic and emotional effects of an augmented reality (AR) simulation versus an in-person simulation. This is a single institution, non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial. The target enrollment will be 100 participants in each group for a total of 200 participants. One group will wear an AR headset and participate in an AR medical crisis scenario and the other group will participate in the same scenario with a traditional, mannequin based in situ simulation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Augmented Reality Enhanced Simulation (Treatment group) | Experimental | Participants will experience augmented simulations with a holographic mixed-reality setting based on different workplace scenarios such as medical error and workplace harassment via Augmented Reality (AR) headset. |
|
| Traditional In Situ Simulation (Control group) | No Intervention | Participants will experience in-person simulations of different workplace scenarios such as medical error and workplace harassment |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Augmented Reality Headset | Behavioral | Augmented simulation of workplace-related scenarios of pre-recorded videos using the same actors |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Parasympathetic response indexed by RSA | Measured via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in hertz using chest biometric sensors in 30-second epochs. | Duration of simulation (15-20 minutes) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sytem Usability Scale (SUS) | 10-item questionnaire with a scale from 1- 5, 1 being strongly disagree to 5 being strongly agree on a five-point Likert scale to measure usability. Only administered to the AR group. | Post-simulation (5 minutes) |
| ISO 9241-400 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Thomas J Caruso, MD, MEd | clinical professor | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford | Palo Alto | California | 94304 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40207076 | Derived | Rama A, Rojas-Pino MS, Wang EY, Rodriguez ST, Suen MY, Titzler JS, Zuniga-Hernandez M, Jackson C, Rosales O, Collins F, Caruso TJ. The Physiologic Effect of Augmented Reality Simulation Versus Traditional Simulation: A Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Educ Perioper Med. 2025 Apr 8;27(1):E740. doi: 10.46374/VolXXVII_Issue1_Rama. eCollection 2025 Jan-Mar. |
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6-item ergonomic questionnaire with a scale from 1- 5, 1 being strongly disagree to 5 being strongly agree on a five-point Likert scale only administered to the AR group. |
| Post-simulation (5 minutes) |
| Simulation Design Scale (SDS) | 20-item questionnaire with a scale from 1- 5, 1 being strongly disagree to 5 being strongly agree on a five-point Likert scale to assess user satisfaction | Post-simulation (5-10 minutes) |
| Learning effectiveness | Five months post-simulation, an assessment was sent out to participants with a 10-item, multiple choice with questions related to key learning points about resuscitation management. | 5 months-post simulation (5 minutes) |