Manual physical therapy is intended to improve musculoskeletal function and pain by addressing impaired kinematics of the joint. Passive Joint Mobilization (PJM) was applied to knee distraction and dorsal glides, ventral glides, and patellar glides in all directions, which were applied at a rate of two to three oscillations per second for 1-2 min. Each direction was repeated three to six times.

Neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR training program):

(2 times per week for 6 weeks) The neuromuscular training program consists of 3 parts: warming up, a circuit program, and cooling down. The program is performed twice a week for 6 weeks, with each session lasts for 60 minutes.

Physical therapists use a variety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) applications to reduce or alleviate pain for individuals with Knee OA. TENS (symmetrical biphasic waveform, frequency 32-50 Hz, pulse width 80 microseconds) for the same amount of time and the same number of days. The TENS electrodes were applied on the medial and lateral superior, as well as the medial and lateral inferior, borders of the patella. Care was taken not to place TENS electrodes on the quadriceps muscles or muscles of the anterior leg.

Neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR training program):

(2 times per week for 6 weeks) The neuromuscular training program consists of 3 parts: warming up, a circuit program, and cooling down. The program is performed twice a week for 6 weeks, with each session lasts for 60 minutes.

Passive joint mobilization techniques are applied to the affected knee joint. For the first week (three sessions), the joint mobilization exercises included grade I or II rhythmic oscillations. During the following weeks, grade III or IV oscillation techniques were applied, depending on the level of tolerance and pain of each patient. In knee distraction, the patients are in a prone position with 50° knee flexion, and the physical therapist applies the techniques. The dorsal and ventral glides was performed with the patient in a supine position.

The average pain intensity over the last week at the time of testing was measured on a numerical pain rating scale, where 0 represented no pain and 10 represented the worst pain possible.

To check the range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint, the joint will be extended as far as it can go while the person is lying on their back three times. The angle at the maximum flexion position was measured with a goniometer, and the average angle was recorded.

It is a questionnaire for the evaluation of treatment results in patients with lower extremity osteoarthritis, and it divides difficulties in daily living into scales. WOMAC scores are recorded on a five-point Likert scale of 0-4, where 0 = no pain or limitation, 1 = mild pain or limitation, 2 = moderate pain or limitation, 3 = severe pain or limitation, and 4 = extreme pain or limitation. Maximum scores for pain, stiffness and physical functions were 20, 8, and 68, respectively, with total scores of 96 indicating greater disease severities.

This instrument consists of 36 items, grouped into eight domains: functional capacity, physical aspects, pain, general health, vitality, social aspects, emotional aspects, and mental health. A measurement scale with values ranging from 0 (the worst health status) to 100 (the best health status) was used to give each subject and each of the eight dimensions a score.

This test has been used to assess static standing balance in individuals with knee OA. The single-leg stance test was measured by recording the time in seconds (30s maximum) while participants are asked to balance on one leg while keeping their hands on their hips. The test starts when the free foot lifts off the ground and is stopped if: (1) the swing limb touches the ground; (2) the stance foot moves on the floor; (3) the swing foot touches the tested limb; or (4) the hands move away from the hips.