SGB Reduces the Incidence and Severity of CSA-AKI

Pretreatment with Stellate Ganglion Block Reduces the Incidence and Severity of Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

The incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery is high, which increases postoperative mortality and is not conducive to the prognosis of patients. Stellate ganglion blocks increase renal blood flow, reduce inflammation and stress, and protect the heart muscle. In this study, stellate ganglion block was used to promote rapid recovery of kidney function after cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients of any gender were eligible provided they were between the ages of 18 and 80 years;
2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class of Ⅲ or IV.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. emergency cardiac surgery；
2. major vascular surgery；
3. non-sinus rhythm, reoperation；
4. contraindications for TEE or SGB；
5. abnormal preoperative renal function；
6. severe preoperative heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction < 30%, multi-organ dysfunction；
7. and severe infection requiring continuous antibiotic treatment;
8. enrolled in another clinical trial.

Elimination criteria:

1. incomplete follow-up data;
2. withdrawal during the procedure;
3. SGB failure or complications;
4. insufficient ultrasonographic imaging of the left renal artery on TEE;
5. repeated CPB during surgery;
6. need for cardiac assist devices (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, intra-aortic balloon pump, or ventricular assist devices) after CPB completion.