The goal of this non-inferiority observational study is to assess the diagnostic performance of low-dose CT with deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) in adult participants with acute abdominal conditions. The main research question is:

• Can low-dose CT with DLIR achieve the same diagnostic performance as standard CT for the diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions.

Participants will be examined with an additional low-dose CT directly after the standard CT. Participant will be their own controls.

Registration record updated on 15.05.2026 to correct entry errors (correction of sample size calculation now resulting in a larger sample size than previously stated, mixed-effects logistic regression was used for analysis of the diagnostic accuracy) so that the record reflects the study protocol in effect before enrollment of the first participant.

Background Computed Tomography (CT) has become an essential tool in modern clinical medicine. With widespread availability, a rapid increase in the use of CT imaging has been observed over the last decades. With the associated increase in radiation exposure, the potential increased risk for radiation-induced malignancy has become a public health concern. This is especially true for CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis which currently account for 50% of the collective CT dose. As the benefit of dose reduction in general is offset by deterioration of image quality, technological advances to reduce radiation dose without compromising image quality are aspired in clinical practice.

In CT-image reconstruction, filtered back projection (FBP) has been the dominant image reconstruction technique algorithm since the early 1970s, complemented by the first commercial iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms in 2009.

A novel deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithm received clinical approval in 2019 (TrueFidelity, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Other vendor-specific algorithms for deep learning image reconstruction are also emerging (AiCE, Canon Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan). As explained by a technical white paper, having been trained with high-dose and low-dose FBP datasets across phantom and patient cases, the DLIR algorithm strives to suppress image noise without compromising image quality. The use of deep learning image reconstruction has demonstrated potential for improved image quality and dose reduction without shifting noise texture.

For patients with acute abdominal conditions, CT of the abdomen and pelvis is considered the best first- or second-line diagnostic approach. For these patients a fast and accurate diagnosis is of great importance to avoid treatment delay and subsequent complications such as gastrointestinal perforation in case of appendicitis or diverticulitis. On the other hand, it is also important to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention and the related complications. A possible low-dose CT protocol must therefore provide a non-inferior diagnostic performance to facilitate fast diagnosis and avoid overtreatment and inconclusive examinations.

Promising results have been reported regarding low-dose CT examinations with model-based IR and dose reduction of up to 75-80%. However, with the introduction of DLIR even further dose reduction seems feasible. Our own results from an image quality perception study with DLIR indicate that a dose reduction of up to 92.5% compared to standard CT might preserve acceptable diagnostic image quality (yet unpublished work).

On this basis, the purpose of this study is to assess the diagnostic performance of low-dose CT with DLIR for the diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions in a non-inferiority setting with a large sample size provided by two major trauma centers in northern Europe.

Aims

Primary:

To evaluate the diagnostic performance for acute abdominal conditions of contrast enhanced low-dose CT with DLIR "TrueFidelity" (TF) compared to standard full-dose CT.

Secondary:

To evaluate technical and perceived image quality (qualitatively and quantitatively).

Ethics

Approval will be obtained from the regional ethics committee and the institutions data protection officer.

Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. This project will be in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Risks Minimal risks exist due to a slight increase in radiation exposure. The additional radiation exposure of 27.5% is within the national variation of radiation exposure from CT exams performed for corresponding clinical tasks. The investigators estimated the mean additional effective dose to 1.5 mSv which corresponds to about 4 months with natural background radiation exposure in Norway (4.1 mSv/year). The additional radiation exposure translates into a theoretical excess lifetime risk of deadly radiation induced cancer between 0.004 - 0.03%. The clinical risks from this exposure are considered to be minimal/not significant.

Material and Methods The study will be registered at ClinicalTrials.gov prior to initiation. Study methods and results will be reported in agreement with the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) statement of 2015. It should be noted that the STARD-AI Steering Group is preparing an AI-specific extension. If these STARD-AI guidelines are published before end of study, the findings will also be reported in accordance herewith. To compensate for AI specific elements not addressed in STARD, the investigators will, when relevant, rely on the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM) which is modelled after the STARD guideline.

Pilot A study pilot including 10 patients divided equally between Oslo and Odense will be performed to allow for testing of study logistics and adjustments of the radiation dose level of the low-dose CT.

Examination protocol / imaging Examinations will be carried out according to local routine procedures and established CT protocols (CT scanner: GE Revolution).

In addition to the CT with standard examination protocol a low-dose CT scan will be performed, not exceeding 30% radiation dose of the standard CT. Low-dose CT images will be reconstructed with TF high. The low dose CT will be performed directly after the standard CT to avoid bias from differences in the timing of the contrast phase.

Location and local study population The study will be carried out as a multicenter study involving Oslo and Odense with prospective data collection.

The estimated total study population will be divided equally between the two Hospitals.

Image evaluation The low-dose CT will not be used for diagnostic purposes or patient treatment. Image evaluation and comparison will be conducted separated from clinical routine workflow.

All low-dose CT exams will be evaluated independently by two resident radiologists and by two experienced radiologists specialized in abdominal radiology with more than 10 years of experience in abdominal CT. The readers will be blinded for all information from previous exams, the primary CT report, any finding by the other readers, all treatment related information and for the final diagnosis.

They will have access to clinical referrals and laboratory tests performed prior to the original CT examination. Image evaluation will be performed in the radiologists' clinical environment using diagnostic monitors.

In the outcome analysis, the diagnosis for each patient from low dose CT will be compared to the original radiological diagnosis based on full dose CT.

For intra reader agreement a random selection from 10% of the cases will be presented twice to each reader.

Technical image quality is assessed by positioning regions of interest (ROI) in a homogeneous segment of the portal vein, adjacent normal liver parenchyma aorta, erector spinae muscles and in the subcutaneous fat. Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) will be calculated.

Perceived image quality will be assessed by at least two radiologists on a Likert-type scale along image quality criteria based on the European guidelines for image quality in abdominal CT.

Statistics Dedicated statistical software like Stata and SPSS will be used for analysis of study data. The alpha significance level will be set to 5% and 95% confidence intervals will be used. Kappa statistics will be used for inter and intra reader agreement. Logistic regression will be used for image quality assessment. Appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests will be used for evaluation of numeric variables. The diagnostic performance will be defined by sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. Significant differences in sensitivity and specificity will be determined by mixed-effects logistic regression.

Power calculation and sample size A non-inferiority study design will be used to show non-inferiority regarding the diagnostic performance of the low-dose CT compared to standard CT.

The non-inferiority margin was set at 6%. Sample size was estimated to be N≈200 based on the following assumptions: 95% CI width of 10% (±5%), expected SDCT sensitivity of p=0.90, disease prevalence of 0.7, evaluation of each exam by two readers, and a binomial distribution. To adjust for clustering, we applied a design effect (DE): DE=1+(m-1)×ρ, where m=2 represents the mean number of readers per case and we assumed an intra-patient class correlation coefficient of ρ=1 (conservative assumption). Formula:

n_exams = 2n_participants=(4 z_0.975^2 * p(1-p)* DE)/((CI width)^2×prevalence)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients under evaluation for an acute abdominal condition who are referred to CT of the abdomen and pelvis.
• Age >18 years
• The patients must be able to give their oral and written consent to study participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Contraindications regarding contrast enhanced CT examinations like known iodinated contrast media adverse reactions or claustrophobia.
• Pregnancy.

primary care clinic; university hospital

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