Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), being a devastating diagnosis, has little to no recovery which leads to a long-standing of debilitating impairment for affected patients. The NNI Neurosurgery team, together with our collaborators, are expanding our recruitment from our pilot trial named RESTORES: RESToration of Rehabilitative function with Epidural Spinal Stimulation. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of electrical stimulation via a spinal cord stimulator (SCS), which will be implanted into the study subjects, and advanced robotic neurorehabilitation to aid in improving neurological function in patients diagnosed with chronic SCI. An additional 15 patients on top of the 3 ongoing patients, male and female participants, above the age of 21 who have been diagnosed with the condition for more than a year will be recruited for this study over a 2-year period. Rehab sessions will take place pre and post-surgical implant, assessing subject improvements

Motor complete SCI is defined as American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment Grade A or B, with no motor function preserved below the level of injury. This in-turn results in significant catastrophic dysfunction and disability to the individual's physical and mental health, reducing quality of life and increasing caregiver burden which translates to high socioeconomic costs. The current treatments for chronic SCI involves aggressive rehabilitation to maximize residual neurological function and devices to compensate for neurological loss. However, neurological improvement is dismal, with 94.4% of patients demonstrating no neurological improvement 5-years post-injury. Experimental and electrophysiological observations revealed that spinal hide networks have the capacity to generate basic locomotor rhythmicity without supraspinal input to the cord. SCS, consisting of a small array of electrodes surgically implanted into the epidural space stimulates afferent sensory pathways in specific patterns to drive voluntary and autonomically controlled motor responses. Activity-based training in conjunction with SCS has been shown to bolster neuroplasticity and recovery caudal to the injury site. We aim to deliver epidural spinal stimulation via an implanted SCS and together with personalized advanced neuro-rehabilitation to study the improvement of neurological function after chronic SCI.

⦁ Inclusion Criteria

For inclusion in the study, the potential patient has to fulfil all of the following criteria:

1. 21 years old and older

2. Chronic (greater than one year) motor complete (AIS classification A or B) SCI

3. Spinal injury between the levels of Cervical 2 (C2) to Thoracic 12 (T12)

4. Segmental reflexes that remain functional below the level of lesion

5. Able to perform the perioperative rehabilitation program as judged by the research team

   • Exclusion Criteria

Potential patients will be excluded from the trial if they fulfil any of the following criteria:

1. Significant medical co-morbidities that would significantly increase the risk of the operation
2. Severe dysautonomia with systolic blood pressure fluctuation less than 50 or more than 200mmHg on tilt table testing
3. Painful musculoskeletal dysfunction, contractures, unhealed fractures, pressure sores, severe spasticity, and osteoporosis
4. Significant psychological issues or ongoing drug abuse
5. Pregnancy and lactating patients
6. Progressive spinal cord disease