Visit 1: Participants will be instructed to smoke their usual brand cigarette using the CReSS smoking topography device while passively viewing time-matched control stimulus presented to them on a computer monitor for a duration of five minutes.

Visit 2: Participants will be instructed to smoke their cigarette using the CReSS device and instructions provided during Visit 1 after undergoing a brief laboratory stress induction.

The Short-Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) will be used to assess smoking reinforcement in response to stress-precipitated smoking. The CPT is based on progressive-ratio operant schedules wherein participants self-report their hypothetical cigarette consumption at various levels of price. Hypothetical purchasing will be based on the "last cigarette smoked". Five key behavioral economic indices of demand can be obtained from the CPT. One index reported here is the Pmax, which is the price at maximum expenditure for a cigarette.

The Short-Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) will be used to assess smoking reinforcement in response to stress-precipitated smoking. The CPT is based on progressive-ratio operant schedules wherein participants self-report their hypothetical cigarette consumption at various levels of price. Hypothetical purchasing will be based on the "last cigarette smoked". Five key behavioral economic indices of demand can be obtained from the CPT. One index reported here is the breakpoint, which is the cost whereby consumption is suppressed to zero.

The Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) will be used to assess subjective smoking reinforcement. The mCEQ is a self-report measure that assesses how respondents feel about the "last cigarette smoked" with three subscales. One subscale indexes wanting, or cigarette craving reduction. Score on this subscale range from 1 to 7, with higher scores reflecting greater subjective cigarette craving reduction. Scores on the mCEQ craving reduction subscale administered post stress-precipitated smoking, during Visit 2, will be compared between conditions.

The Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) will be used to assess subjective smoking reinforcement. The mCEQ is a self-report measure that assesses how respondents feel about the "last cigarette smoked" with three subscales. One subscale indexes learning, or psychological reward. Score on this subscale range from 1 to 7, with higher scores reflecting greater subjective psychological reward. Scores on the mCEQ psychological reward subscale administered post stress-precipitated smoking, during Visit 2, will be compared between conditions.

Puff topography indices will be objectively measured with the CReSS micro (Plowshare Technologies, Borgwaldt KC, Inc), a hand-held device that has a sterilized flow meter mouthpiece that is connected to a pressure transducer, which converts pressure into a digital signal that is sampled at 1,000Hz. Average Puff duration (sec) will be used to assess mechanism engagement from PTBT.

In this condition, participants are provided instructions on how to puff their cigarette via a computer-assisted paradigm.

Puff Topography Biofeedback Training: Visit 1: Participants will be asked to smoke their usual brand cigarette using the CReSS smoking topography device. Participants will be instructed on how to follow visual and auditory puffing prompts provided to them by a computer program in order to control puffing behavior for a duration of five minutes.

Visit 2: Participants will be instructed to smoke their cigarette using the CReSS device and instructions provided during Visit 1 after undergoing a brief laboratory stress induction.

Total of all reporting groups

The Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) will be used to assess subjective smoking reinforcement. The mCEQ is a self-report measure that assesses how respondents feel about the "last cigarette smoked" with three subscales. One subscale indexes liking, or cigarette satisfaction. Score on this subscale range from 1 to 7, with higher scores reflecting greater subjective smoking satisfaction. Scores on the mCEQ cigarette satisfaction subscale administered post stress-precipitated smoking, during Visit 2, will be compared between conditions.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits, Four participants randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, and an additional one participant was excluded from this analysis due to invalid mCEQ data, resulting in a total of n=75 participants.

The Short-Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) will be used to assess smoking reinforcement in response to stress-precipitated smoking. The CPT is based on progressive-ratio operant schedules wherein participants self-report their hypothetical cigarette consumption at various levels of price. Hypothetical purchasing will be based on the "last cigarette smoked". Five key behavioral economic indices of demand can be obtained from the CPT. One index reported here is intensity, which is the number of cigarettes consumed at zero cost.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits. Four participants randomized randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, resulting in n=76 participants. An additional n=8 were excluded from these analyses due to invalid cigarette purchase task data resulting in a total of n=68 participants.

The Short-Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) will be used to assess smoking reinforcement in response to stress-precipitated smoking. The CPT is based on progressive-ratio operant schedules wherein participants self-report their hypothetical cigarette consumption at various levels of price. Hypothetical purchasing will be based on the "last cigarette smoked". Five key behavioral economic indices of demand can be obtained from the CPT. One index reported here is the Pmax, which is the price at maximum expenditure for a cigarette.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits. Four participants randomized randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, resulting in n=76 participants. An additional n=8 were excluded from these analyses due to invalid cigarette purchase task data resulting in a total of n=68 participants.

The Short-Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) will be used to assess smoking reinforcement in response to stress-precipitated smoking. The CPT is based on progressive-ratio operant schedules wherein participants self-report their hypothetical cigarette consumption at various levels of price. Hypothetical purchasing will be based on the "last cigarette smoked". Five key behavioral economic indices of demand can be obtained from the CPT. One index reported here is the breakpoint, which is the cost whereby consumption is suppressed to zero.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits. Four participants randomized randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, resulting in n=76 participants. An additional n=8 were excluded from these analyses due to invalid cigarette purchase task data resulting in a total of n=68 participants.

The Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) will be used to assess subjective smoking reinforcement. The mCEQ is a self-report measure that assesses how respondents feel about the "last cigarette smoked" with three subscales. One subscale indexes wanting, or cigarette craving reduction. Score on this subscale range from 1 to 7, with higher scores reflecting greater subjective cigarette craving reduction. Scores on the mCEQ craving reduction subscale administered post stress-precipitated smoking, during Visit 2, will be compared between conditions.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits, Four participants randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, and an additional one participant was excluded from this analysis due to invalid mCEQ data, resulting in a total of n=75 participants.

The Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) will be used to assess subjective smoking reinforcement. The mCEQ is a self-report measure that assesses how respondents feel about the "last cigarette smoked" with three subscales. One subscale indexes learning, or psychological reward. Score on this subscale range from 1 to 7, with higher scores reflecting greater subjective psychological reward. Scores on the mCEQ psychological reward subscale administered post stress-precipitated smoking, during Visit 2, will be compared between conditions.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits, Four participants randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, and an additional one participant was excluded from this analysis due to invalid mCEQ data, resulting in a total of n=75 participants.

Beat-to-beat electrocardiograph and continuous respiration data were acquired using Thought Technology during the adaptation period and stress-precipitated smoking period. The data were and cleaned and scored using Mindware. Using Mindware, the IBI series is transformed to a heart period time series and then a heart power spectrum that is tapered using a Hamming window and finally a Fast Fourier Transform. Respiration data are similarly transformed using a Fast Fourier Transform to obtain a respiration power spectrum, and can be used to confirm the validity of the heart power spectrum data. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is defined as variability in heart rate occurring in the high-frequency range, defined as 0.1 to 0.15 Hz corresponding with a respiratory rate between nine and 24 breaths per minute.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits. Four participants randomized to the PTBT condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the training, resulting in n=76 participants.

Puff topography indices will be objectively measured with the CReSS micro (Plowshare Technologies, Borgwaldt KC, Inc), a hand-held device that has a sterilized flow meter mouthpiece that is connected to a pressure transducer, which converts pressure into a digital signal that is sampled at 1,000Hz. Average Puff duration (sec) will be used to assess mechanism engagement from PTBT.

Participants who consented, were eligible, enrolled, were randomized, and completed both study visits. Four participants randomized to the PTBT (active) condition were removed due to being <80% adherent to the breathing/puff intervention prescribed, resulting in n=76 participants.

In this condition, participants are provided instructions on how to puff their cigarette via a computer-assisted paradigm.

Puff Topography Biofeedback Training: Visit 1: Participants will be asked to smoke their usual brand cigarette using the CReSS smoking topography device. Participants will be instructed on how to follow visual and auditory puffing prompts provided to them by a computer program in order to control puffing behavior for a duration of five minutes.

Visit 2: Participants will be instructed to smoke their cigarette using the CReSS device and instructions provided during Visit 1 after undergoing a brief laboratory stress induction.

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress induction mCEQ cigarette satisfaction between the PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees freedom = 73

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction mCEQ cigarette satisfaction between the PTBT and Control conditions.

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress induction intensity between the PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees of freedom = 66

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction intensity between the PTBT and Control conditions.

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress induction Pmax between the PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees freedom = 66

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction Pmax between the PTBT and Control conditions.

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress induction breakpoint between the PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees of freedom = 66

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction breakpoint between the PTBT and Control conditions.

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress induction mCEQ craving reduction between the PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees freedom = 65.261

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction mCEQ craving reduction between the PTBT and Control conditions.

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress induction mCEQ psychological reward between the PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees freedom = 73

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction mCEQ psychological reward between the PTBT and Control conditions.

A multiple linear regression test was conducted to examine whether the PTBT intervention (versus control) significantly predicted post-stress induction respiratory sinus arrhythmia during smoking, while controlling for average baseline respiratory sinus arrythmia at step 1 of the model.

degrees freedom = (2, 73)

Condition (0=control; 1=PTBT)

An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction average puff duration between PTBT and Control conditions.

degrees freedom = 66.03

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in post-stress-induction average puff duration between the PTBT and Control conditions.