The probe was placed over the inguinal ligament in close proximity to the anterior superior iliac spine and oriented in the parasagittal plane. It was then moved inferomedially along the line of the inguinal ligament to visualize the 'bow-tie' sign. After confirming the needle's position, a total volume of 30 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% was injected.

Spinal anesthesia was administered to the patients in a lateral position using 2.5 ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine at the L3-L4 level.

The L5, L4, and L3 transverse processes and erector spinae muscles posteriorly were identified using ultrasound. The curved 6-2 MHz transducer was initially placed at the mid-vertebral line in the sagittal plane and then shifted laterally to visualize the erector spinae muscle and transverse process of the L3 vertebra. A total volume of 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% was injected.

Spinal anesthesia was administered to the patients in a lateral position using 2.5 ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine at the L3-L4 level.

Spinal anesthesia was administered to the patients in a lateral position using 2.5 ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine at the L3-L4 level.

Comparing postoperative pain and opioid consumption in groups

Comparing opioid consumption via Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) device

patient satisfaction score: 0: unsatisfied 5: fully satisfied

complications such as hypothension, nausea, vomiting, itching