A novel multisite high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) in healthy people showed that such network-targeted stimulation could enhance motor excitability beyond traditional stimulation which targeting only one region. It showed that the excitability following multisite HD-tDCS was more than double the increase following conventional tDCS. To consider the various lesion site of different stroke survivors. The electrode placements based on personalized lesion profiles and anatomical features can be determined using finite element modeling, with lesion profiles generated from fMRI and advanced algorithms calculating the current density to maximize the modulation effect. Combining motor network interaction and the new multisite electrode montage may further provide a potential to facilitate stroke recovery.

Inclusion Criteria:

• first-ever stroke, the duration after stroke exceeds 12 months;
• mild to moderate upper extremity motor function deficit, determined by the Fugl-meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMAUE) scores between 15 and 53;
• detectable voluntary muscle sEMG signal from flexor digitorum (FD) and extensor digitorum (ED);
• scored below 3 in the Modified Ashworh Score (MAS) of FD and ED;
• sufficient cognitive function to follow the assessment and training instructions, determined by Mini Mental State Examination score of more than 21.

Exclusion Criteria:

• history of epilepsy, or any other contradictions of brain stimulation;
• severe joint contracture of elbow or shoulder, or pain induced by any other neurological, neuromuscular, and orthopedic diseases.