To compare the effect of intramuscular dexmedetomidine versus oral gabapentin premedication on the emergence agitation after rhinoplasty.

Emergence agitation (EA) is a clinical condition characterized by agitation, confusion, disorientation, and aggressive behavior in the early phase of recovery from general anesthesia (incidence about 21.3%). This may lead to various injuries, self-extubation, bleeding, increased pain, removal of catheters, increased blood pressure, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen consumption. Premedication with dexmedetomidine and gabapentin are promising options for EA.

Inclusion Criteria:

• American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I or II.
• Sex: Both sexes.
• Age between 18 and 40 years.
• Patients scheduled for rhinoplasty under general anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

• Declining to give written informed consent.
• History of allergy to the medications used in the study.
• history of cardiovascular diseases including bradycardia, heart block, and hypertension.
• History of chest problems including bronchial asthma.
• Had a history of drug or alcohol abuse.
• Taking opioids or sedative medications.
• Inability to communicate with patients to evaluate postoperative pain.
• Hepatic or renal failure.
• Psychiatric disorders with antipsychotics or antidepressants.
• Bleeding disorders, antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel), or anticoagulant (warfarin).