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Public Health Nurses (PHN) received training to deliver a day-long Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)-based workshop for treating postpartum depression (PPD). Participants in the study are randomly assigned to the treatment group (1-day CBT workshop) or control group (usual postnatal care). Data will be collected from all participants at baseline, 3 and 6 months later.
The study will aim to determine if online day-long CBT-based workshops delivered by public health nurses can be added to treatment as usual to improve postpartum depression more than treatment as usual alone, iif the workshops are cost-effective, and if the workshops can stably improve depression, its common comorbidities and reduce adverse effects on the family.
Hypotheses: Online 1-Day CBT-Based Workshops delivered by PHNs will be an effective (and cost-effective) way to stably improve PPD, its comorbidities, and reduce its adverse effects on the family.
Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common complications of childbirth, affecting 1 in 5 mothers. Left untreated, it increases the risk of future depressive episodes and can have profound effects on offspring. A single case of PPD has been estimated to cost as much as $150,000 over the lifespan, or $3 billion for each annual cohort of Canadian births.
Current clinical practice guidelines recommend evidence-based psychotherapies (e.g., cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)) as 1st-line treatments for the vast majority of mothers with PPD. The key role that psychotherapy plays in the treatment of PPD is further emphasized by the US Preventive Services Task Force which recommends universal PPD screening, but only when CBT or other evidence-based counseling is available.
While treating PPD can reduce its adverse effects, safe, timely, accessible interventions are essential to optimizing outcomes. However, only treatments that can be upscaled can have an impact on PPD at the population level.
The delivery of psychotherapy in large groups (up to 30 participants) is a relatively new phenomenon, but may be capable of addressing mothers needs, as well as treating PPD on the scale required to address its prevalence. Brief (i.e., 1-Day) interventions contain the core content of more comprehensive, evidence-based interventions, but their brevity makes them easier to disseminate beyond traditional treatment settings (e.g., in public health). 1-Day CBT-Based Workshops have been delivered by trained mental health professionals (psychologists, psychiatrists) to treat generalized anxiety disorder and depression in general population samples, and postpartum depression.
Research Questions:
Primary: Can Online 1-Day CBT-Based Workshops for PPD delivered by Public Health Nurses (PHNs) added to treatment as usual (TAU) improve PPD more than TAU alone at 12 weeks post-treatment? Secondary: Can these workshops improve PPD at 6 months post-treatment and reduce levels of anxiety, parenting stress, partner relationship discord, improve parent-infant attachment, and reduce problems with temperament and behaviour in offspring at 3 and 6 months later? Tertiary: Are the workshops cost-effective?
A parallel-group Ontario-wide randomized controlled trial (RCT) with experimental (workshop) and TAU (control) groups will address our objectives. Participants in both groups will complete all study questionnaires and be compared at baseline, and 3 and 6 months later.
The experimental group will receive the Online 1-Day workshop (delivered by 2 PHNs) in addition to TAU, and the control group will receive TAU alone.
Participants will be mothers who have an infant under 12 months, who are 18 years or older, who are experiencing elevated symptoms of postpartum depression and who are free of current bipolar, psychotic and/or substance use disorders.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Online 1-Day CBT-Based Workshop | Experimental | Participants assigned to the treatment arm will attend a day long CBT-based workshop delivered online by two trained public health nurses in addition to receiving usual care. |
|
| Treatment as Usual | No Intervention | Participants assigned to the control arm will continue to receive standard postnatal care from their healthcare providers. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-Day Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-Based Workshop | Behavioral | The Online Workshop is a day-long intervention delivered by two trained public health nurses consisting of 6 hours of instruction delivered in 4 modules. The 1st contains information on PPD etiology with a focus on modifiable cognitive risk factors (e.g., negative thoughts, maladaptive core beliefs). The 2nd module focuses on cognitive skills including cognitive restructuring. The 3rd builds behavioural skills such as problem solving, behavioural activation, assertiveness, sleep strategies, and using supports. The final module provides an opportunity for goal setting/action planning. Teaching methods include didactic sections, group exercises, and role-plays. Regular breaks are incorporated. Each participant is given a professionally designed manual to facilitate learning. We also provide a list of region-specific PPD resources and a copy of the Canadian Practice Guidelines for the treatment of PPD. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) | The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item gold standard measure of PPD. Total scores range from 0-30 with higher scores indicating worse depressive symptoms. A score ≥13 is consistent with PPD and changes in scores >4 are accepted as being indicative of clinically significant change. | 12 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) | The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item gold standard measure of PPD. Total scores range from 0-30 with higher scores indicating worse depressive symptoms. A score ≥13 is consistent with PPD and changes in scores >4 are accepted as being indicative of clinically significant change. | 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) | Intervention participants only. An 8-item scale that measures and assesses consumer satisfaction with health and human services. Items are scored on a 4-point scale and total scores range from 8-32, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction. | 1 week post intervention in experimental arm |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ryan Vann Lieshout, MD, PhD | McMaster University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McMaster University | Hamilton | Ontario | L8S 4L8 | Canada |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019052 | Depression, Postpartum |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011644 | Puerperal Disorders |
| D011248 | Pregnancy Complications |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
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A parallel-group Ontario-wide RCT with experimental (workshop) and TAU (control) groups will address our objectives. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the treatment or control groups.
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Participants and the research coordinator cannot be blinded to group condition though the research assistants making reminder calls and data analysts will not be aware of group status.
|
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale | The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) (32) is a self-report scale that taps generalized anxiety disorder, the most common comorbidity of PPD. Items are scored on a 4-point scale from 0 to 3, with a higher score indicating an increased risk of GAD. A cutoff of ≥11 defines clinically important levels of anxiety symptoms. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) | A 12-item scale designed to measure perceived social support from three sources: (1) family, (2) friends and (3) significant other. Items are scored on a 7-point scale, and total scores range from 12-84 with higher scores indicating a higher level of perceived social support. A score of 12-35 indicates low perceived social support, 36-60 indicates medium perceived social support and 61-84 indicates high perceived social support. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Parenting Stress Index (PSI-SF) | The Parenting Stress Index (short form) is a 36-item parent self-report measure that identifies potentially dysfunctional parent-child systems on three subscales: parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and difficult child. The measure also produces a total score that is an indication of overall level of stress a person is feeling in their role as a parent. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ | The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) is a 25-item maternal-report measure that assesses four aspects of maternal-infant relations: (1) bonding, (2) rejection and anger towards the infant, (3) infant-focused anxiety and (4) incipient abuse. Subscales 1-3 will be explored as a continuous outcome using subscale total score. Each item is scored on a scale of 0-5, with higher scores suggestive of more problems. Mother-infant bonding will be measured as a continuous and dichotomous outcome, using cut-off scores for each subscale indicating bonding disorders. Cutoff values of 12 for the bonding subscale, 17 for rejection and anger, and 10 for infant-focused anxiety have been proposed to define bonding disorders in each category. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form (IBQ-R) | The Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised (Very Short Form) (IBQR) is a parent-report measure of infant temperament. The IBQ-R (Very Short Form) consists of 37 items answered on a 7-point scale (1-7) and assesses 3 factors: Positive Affectivity/Surgency with 13 items, Negative Emotionality with 12 items, and Orienting/Regulatory Capacity with 12 items; higher scores indicate greater alignment with the domain. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| EQ-5D-5L | A utility-based health-related quality of life self-report instrument consisting of five questions covering mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and depression/anxiety. Quality of Life will be calculated using the Canadian scoring algorithm by multiplying the health utility for the corresponding time period (ie. area under the curve approach). | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Healthcare Resource Utilization Questionnaire | Healthcare resource utilization data will be collected using a questionnaire used in prior work and adapted for the postpartum period based on the Canadian Community Health Survey and Service Use and Resources Form. Participants will be asked to provide information on health care resource use including diagnoses and procedures, medications, hospital stays, physician and ER visits and the use of all other services (including those relating to mental health). The investigators will measure resources consumed from the perspective of public health care payer and corresponding unit costs will be calculated using provincial billing rates. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Major Depressive Disorder Module | 10-15 minute structured psychiatric interview will assess current psychiatric syndromes in participants by telephone at baseline to assess study eligibility. The MINI will be conducted again at 3 and 6 months to assess change in psychiatric symptoms over the study period. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Generalized Anxiety Disorder Module | 10-15 minute structured psychiatric interview will assess current psychiatric syndromes in participants by telephone at baseline to assess study eligibility. The MINI will be conducted again at 3 and 6 months to assess change in psychiatric symptoms over the study period. | 12 weeks and 6 months |
| CBT Skills Questionnaire (CBTSQ) |
Intervention participants only. A 16-item maternal-report measure designed to assess cognitive and behavioural skills acquisition. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale, and total scores range from 16-80. Higher cognitive restructuring and behavioural activation scores predict reduction of overall psychiatric symptoms and depression. |
| 12 weeks and 6 months in experimental arm |
| Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-SR) | Intervention participants only. A 12-item maternal-report measure that assesses three aspects of therapeutic alliance:(1) agreement on the tasks of therapy, (2) agreement on the goals of therapy and (3) development of an affective bond. Items are rated on a 5-point scale, and total scores range from 12-60 with higher scores indicating a better therapeutic alliance. | 1 week post intervention in experimental arm |
| Group cohesion - Therapeutic Factors Inventory - 8 item | Measured using the Therapeutic Factors Inventory-8 item that measures instillation of hope, secure emotional expression, awareness of relational impact and social learning. Items are scored on a likert-scale ranging from 1-7. Higher scores indicate a more cohesive group. | 1 week post intervention in experimental arm |
| Fidelity of Intervention Delivery | The fidelity with which the PHNs deliver the 1-Day CBT Workshop will be assessed using measures of adherence and competence that were developed for evaluating delivery of the 1-Day CBT workshop. Each workshop will be audio-recorded and trained raters will rate the adherence to the workshop model and competence with which the PHNs deliver the workshops. | 12 weeks |
| D003866 | Depressive Disorder |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |