Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represent a group of rare neurodevelopmental diseases, genetically as well as phenotypically heterogeneous.

The diagnosis is based on brain MRI. It is also based on genetic testing. However overlaps exist between the different clinical presentations and the molecular diagnosis may be misinterpreted.

Two main purposes must be addressed to get a better molecular diagnosis: on one hand reaching enough exhaustivity which may be performed with a larger gene panel and next generation sequencing; on the other hand, it is now necessary to validate or infirm the deleterious consequences of variants with the help of functional studies.

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represent a group of rare neurodevelopmental diseases, genetically as well as phenotypically heterogeneous.

The diagnosis is based on brain MRI. It shows abnormal deposit of iron in the basal ganglia, especially in the globus pallidus and the substance nigra. It is also based on genetic testing. Ten individualized forms are now described. However overlaps exist between the different clinical presentations and the molecular diagnosis may be misinterpreted because of variants, named as variants of unknown signification, whom the pathogenic role is not proven. Approximately half of the clinically relevant cases with iron deposits on brain MRI remain without any molecular deleterious alteration.

Two main purposes must be addressed to get a better molecular diagnosis: on one hand reaching enough exhaustivity which may be performed with a larger gene panel and next generation sequencing; this panel will include new genes and could be enlarged as more genes are identified. On the other hand, it is now necessary to validate or infirm the deleterious consequences of variants with the help of functional studies.

Four major pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of NBIA: iron and lipids metabolisms, mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy.

Considering that biochemical mechanisms inside the mitochodrion are involved in these four pathways, the investigators performed a first test starting from patient's fibroblasts and analyzed the literature in order to define the parameters that could be pertinent as biological markers of NBIA.

Two different groups will be studied :

• A group of NBIA patients without found mutation after sequencing of the gene panel currently used at the university hospital of Bordeaux. Genetic testing will be performed with the help of an alternative method of target enrichment applied to 16 NBIA genes.
• A group of patients with 2 frequent forms of NBIA with identified variants will be analysed to assess the best mitochondrial markers from fibroblasts.

The investigators plan to transfer these new genetic and biochemical strategies to the diagnostic procedures with the support of the french rare disease network in charge of neurodegenerations and the "CARAMMEL" network involved in the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases.

Inclusion Criteria:

• NBIA Patients diagnosed with a pathogenic variation or any variation that could impact gene function (class 4 or 5 according to ACMG criteria) in the following genes: C19ORF12, PANK2, PLA2G6, DCAF17, FA2H, WDR45, FTL, CP and ATP13A2 and whose fibroblasts have been collected at Bordeaux University Hospital for functional analysis during the diagnosis procedure
• NBIA patients without conclusive testing in none of these nine genes and whose DNA has been collected during the diagnosis procedure at Bordeaux University Hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients without imaging (MRI or scan) signs of NBIA
• Patients without french healthcare insurance

Patients with NBIA