This study aims to clarify the mechanisms by which the predictions we have about our visual environment influence the processing of expected or unexpected visual stimuli at the cerebral level.

Current models of visual perception agree that perception is a proactive process. According to these models, perception of the visual environment would allow to continuously generate expectations or "predictions" about the likely characteristics of a visual scene, which would facilitate their processing and visual recognition. At the neurobiological level, these models postulate that visual perception is the result of a permanent exchange between prediction signals (i.e., predicted characteristics of the visual stimulus) and prediction error signals (i.e., unprovevised characteristics of the stimulus to update predictions) between consecutive levels of the hierarchy of cortical visual areas. However, the neurophysiological correlates of these mechanisms remain debated. The results of some work suggest that the prediction signals generated by high-level cortical areas would make it possible to pre-process the predicted characteristics of a stimulus within lower-level areas, by inhibiting the activity of neurons dedicated to their processing. Conversely, other work postulates that the prediction signals generated by high-level areas would increase the sensitivity of neurons encoding expected characteristics while inhibiting the response of neurons encoding unexpected features in lower-level areas. Accordingly, brain activity in these regions would rather reflect the processing of expected features of visual stimuli. It has also been proposed that these two mechanisms coexist but that they intervene alternately during the temporal course of brain processing and depending on the quality of the visual signal. However, this hypothesis has never been systematically tested. The objective of the project is to improve fundamental knowledge about the mechanisms of visual perception by studying at the cerebral level how predictions about the visual environment influence its visual perception. Specifically, investigators will use electroencephalography (EEG) recordings from healthy volunteer participants to measure how brain activity related to visual processing of images of objects and scenes is modulated by their expected or unexpected character, taking into account the temporal course of brain processing and considering the quality of visual signals.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants between 18 and 35 years old
• Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity
• Ability to consent or oppose to the research
• No opposition to the research

Exclusion Criteria:

• Important visual impairments
• Neuropsychiatric pathology
• Use of drug or medication with neurocognitive effects
• Minors, or persons under psychiatric care, or protected persons