Recent studies have shown that many vitamins, if consumed in high daily dosages or delivered to the colon, can modulate the gut microbiota and their metabolites. In parallel, gut microbiota imbalances are linked to diseases, e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, and intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, vitamin administration could offer health benefits beyond those traditionally considered for these nutrients. Earlier, our group investigated the effect of colon-delivered vitamins A, B2, C, D, and E on the gut microbiota using a human clinical trial and showed that vitamin C, B2, and D modulates the human gut microbiome in terms of metabolic activity and bacterial composition. The most distinct effect was that of vitamin C, which significantly increased microbial alpha diversity and fecal short-chain fatty acids compared to the placebo. However, the dose-dependent and combined effect of colon-delivered vitamins on the microbial community and its subsequent impact on host health is unknown. This study will investigate the effect of colon-delivered vitamin C (three dosages) on the gut microbiome.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Participants must be willing and able to give written informed consent and to understand, to participate, and to comply with the clinical study requirements.
2. Between 50 and 70 years of age.
3. Has a BMI of between 18.5 - 30 Kg/m2.
4. Participants have had a stable body weight (≤5 % change) over the past 3-months.
5. Is in general good health, as determined by interview and vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, pulse) by the investigator.
6. Willing to avoid consuming gut microbiome modulating dietary supplements, prebiotic, probiotic, or fibre-rich supplements, and, within 4 weeks prior to the baseline visit, until the end of the study.
7. Maintain current level of physical activity.
8. Willing to consume the investigational product daily for the duration of the study.
9. Female participants in menopause for at least the last one year.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Are hypersensitive to any of the components of the test product.

2. Has taken antibiotics within the previous 3 months prior to Baseline (Visit 2).

3. Is currently using systemic steroids, systemic antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, H2 blocker, antacid, metformin, or immunosuppressant medication.

4. Participant has a history of drug and/or alcohol abuse at the time of enrolment (Drinks more than nationally recommended units per week (>11 units for women; >17 units for men); Is currently in treatment for alcohol/substance abuse; Has been diagnosed with alcohol/substance abuse disorder).

5. Is a smoker or vaper.

6. Vegetarian or vegan.

7. Has made any major dietary changes in the past 3 months prior to Baseline (Visit 2).

8. Planned major changes in the lifestyle (i.e., diet, dieting, exercise level, significant travel) during the duration of the study.

9. Has a currently active eating disorder.

10. Has food allergies or other issues with foods that would preclude the intake of the study products, as determined by the study investigator.

11. Is having a typical fibre intake >30 g fibre/day.

12. Has an active gastrointestinal disorder or previous gastrointestinal surgery, which in the opinion of the investigator would impact the study outcomes.

13. If taking chronic medications (e.g., anti-hypertensive medications), they must have been taking the product for at least two months to screening and agree to maintain the same dosage throughout the study.

14. Has severe or uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, psychiatric disorder, gastrointestinal disease (i.e., diarrhoea, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, IBS, diverticulosis, stomach or duodenal ulcers respiratory or cardiac illness or any other condition which in the opinion of the investigator would impact the study outcomes.

15. Has a current or history of any gastrointestinal cancer

16. Are severely immunocompromised (HIV positive, transplant patient, on anti-rejection medications, on a steroid for >30 days, or chemotherapy or radiotherapy with the last year).

17. Experiences alarm features such as weight loss, rectal bleeding, a recent change in bowel habit (<3 months).

18. Have a current malignant disease or any concomitant end-stage organ disease.

19. Individuals who, in the opinion of the investigator are considered to be poor attendees or unlikely for any reason to be able to comply with the trial.

20. Participants may not be receiving treatment involving experimental drugs. If the participant has been in a recent experimental trial, these must have been completed not less than 60 days prior to this study.

21. Participants who have undergone intensive skin treatments (e.g. laser treatment or skin related surgery) in the last 3 months.

22. If taking any dietary supplements or medications known to affect skin health or other trial measures (resveratrol, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, fruit powder extracts and DHA).

23. Has a skin condition likely to interfere with skin assessments (e.g., eczema, dermatitis, any open skin wounds, reactive and sensitive skin).

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