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The current study seeks to understand factors that influence college students' likelihood of participating the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP)/Be the Match for bone marrow and stem cell donations. The secondary aim is to compare emotional and rational approaches to encouraging participation in the registry and how these approaches may impact intentions to participate in the NMDP.
This study is a randomized controlled trial that will randomize participants to receive either an emotional appeal about a child with cancer who needs a bone marrow transplant or a rational appeal using data on the racial/ethnic disparities within the transplant registry.
Participants will be recruited through the Psychology Subject Pool, which will then link students to the study measures in an online survey. Participants will be asked their age to confirm eligibility to participate (students must be between 18-35), and eligible students will be presented with the consent form through the online survey system. Participants will then be asked to complete measures of demographic information, personality/psychological characteristics, and transplant-related knowledge, intentions, and attitudes. All participants will then be given background information on bone marrow transplants.
Randomization: Students will be randomized by sex in the online survey system to the emotional presentation condition or the rational presentation condition. The emotional condition will tell the story of a fictional pediatric patient with cancer who needs a transplant. The rational condition will describe the facts about the need for diversity in the registry.
After being presented with the rational or emotional appeal, participants will again be asked about their intentions to register, their motivations for registering, and their mood.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional Group | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. |
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| Rational Group | Experimental | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional Appeal | Behavioral | Participants will be presented with a short vignette about a child undergoing cancer treatment and needing a bone marrow transplant in order to survive cancer. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Intention to Register | Participants rated the likelihood of registering on a 1-7 scale with higher scores indicating greater intention to join the registry (better outcome). Participants were asked these questions before (baseline) and after (post-intervention) the experimental manipulation. | Baseline and after the experimental manipulation (Post-Intervention) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mood | Participant mood was assessed on a 1-10 scale, with higher scores indicating a better mood. Participants were asked these questions before (baseline) and after (post-intervention) the experimental manipulation. | Baseline and after experimental manipulation (Post-Intervention) |
| Psychosocial and Demographic Correlates of Intentions to Register--Knowledge |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lauren C Daniel, Ph.D. | Rutgers University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rutgers University Camden | Camden | New Jersey | 08102 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29069088 | Background | Billen A, Madrigal JA, Scior K, Shaw BE, Strydom A. Donation of peripheral blood stem cells to unrelated strangers: A thematic analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Oct 25;12(10):e0186438. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186438. eCollection 2017. | |
| 8461479 | Background | Butterworth VA, Simmons RG, Bartsch G, Randall B, Schimmel M, Stroncek DF. Psychosocial effects of unrelated bone marrow donation: experiences of the National Marrow Donor Program. Blood. 1993 Apr 1;81(7):1947-59. |
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Participants were randomized after completing study baseline measures. 36 participants dropped out before reaching randomization.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Emotional Group | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Emotional Appeal: Participants will be presented with a short vignette about a child undergoing cancer treatment and needing a bone marrow transplant in order to survive cancer. |
| FG001 | Rational Group | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Rational Appeal: Participants will be presented with data regarding the importance of considering race/ethnicity when looking for a bone marrow transplant donor and the likelihood of finding a match based on the patient's racial/ethnic background. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Emotional Group | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Emotional Appeal: Participants will be presented with a short vignette about a child undergoing cancer treatment and needing a bone marrow transplant in order to survive cancer. |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Intention to Register | Participants rated the likelihood of registering on a 1-7 scale with higher scores indicating greater intention to join the registry (better outcome). Participants were asked these questions before (baseline) and after (post-intervention) the experimental manipulation. | Likelihood to join registry for all randomized study participants on a 1-7 scale with higher scores indicating a greater likelihood of joining (better outcome). | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | score on a scale | Baseline and after the experimental manipulation (Post-Intervention) |
|
During the 1 hour study period
Participants could contact the PI with concerns due to study participation.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Emotional Group | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Emotional Appeal: Participants will be presented with a short vignette about a child undergoing cancer treatment and needing a bone marrow transplant in order to survive cancer. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Lauren Daniel | Rutgers University Associate Professor | 856-225-6535 | lauren.daniel@rutgers.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 8, 2023 | Jul 9, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000533 | Altruism |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Rational Appeal | Behavioral | Participants will be presented with data regarding the importance of considering race/ethnicity when looking for a bone marrow transplant donor and the likelihood of finding a match based on the patient's racial/ethnic background. |
|
Participants completed a knowledge measure about bone marrow and stem cell transplant donation using true/false statements about transplant donation that was examined as a correlate of their intentions to register with the transplant registry. The measure was scored as a percent of items answered correctly, higher scores indicating better knowledge. |
| Baseline |
| 13813058 | Background | CROWNE DP, MARLOWE D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960 Aug;24:349-54. doi: 10.1037/h0047358. No abstract available. |
| 28944484 | Background | Fingrut W, Parmar S, Cuperfain A, Rikhraj K, Charman E, Ptak E, Kahlon M, Graham A, Luong S, Wang YG, Yu J, Arora N, Suppiah R, Li EW, Lee A, Welsh C, Benzaquen M, Thatcher A, Baharmand I, Ladd A, Petraszko T, Allan D, Messner H. The Stem Cell Club: a model for unrelated stem cell donor recruitment. Transfusion. 2017 Dec;57(12):2928-2936. doi: 10.1111/trf.14327. Epub 2017 Sep 24. |
| Background | Gardner, Paul. (1987). Measuring ambivalence to science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 24. 241 - 247. 10.1002/tea.3660240305. |
| 25632376 | Background | Kaster EC, Rogers CR, Jeon KC, Rosen B. Getting to the Heart of Being the Match: A Qualitative Analysis of Bone Marrow Donor Recruitment and Retention Among College Students. Health Educ (Muncie). 2014 Spring;46(1):14-19. |
| 33084098 | Background | Monaghan M, Yi QL, Green M, Campbell T, Weiss JT, Dibdin N, Mercer D, Elmoazzen H, Allan DS. Factors associated with registrant availability for unrelated adult donor hematopoietic stem cell donation: Analysis of the stem cell registry at Canadian Blood Services. Transfusion. 2021 Jan;61(1):24-28. doi: 10.1111/trf.16129. Epub 2020 Oct 21. |
| 27343721 | Background | Narayanan P, Wolanskyj A, Ehlers SL, Litzow MR, Patnaik MS, Hogan WJ, Hashmi SK. Medical Students' Knowledge, Familiarity, and Attitudes towards Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donation: Stem Cell Donation Behaviors. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016 Sep;22(9):1710-1716. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.06.014. Epub 2016 Jun 22. |
| Background | National Marrow Donor Program (2013). Key Figures and Facts. www.bethematch.com |
| 15686731 | Background | Onitilo AA, Lin YH, Okonofua EC, Afrin LB, Ariail J, Tilley BC. Race, education, and knowledge of bone marrow registry: indicators of willingness to donate bone marrow among African Americans and Caucasians. Transplant Proc. 2004 Dec;36(10):3212-9. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.10.019. |
| 14748861 | Background | Rose A, Peters N, Shea JA, Armstrong K. Development and testing of the health care system distrust scale. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Jan;19(1):57-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.21146.x. |
| Background | Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health. |
| Background | Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and individual differences, 2(4), 293-302. |
| Background | Surana, P. K., & Lomas, T. (2014). The power of charity: Does giving away money improve the wellbeing of the donor. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 223-230. |
| 19648972 | Background | Studts JL, Ruberg JL, McGuffin SA, Roetzer LM. Decisions to register for the National Marrow Donor Program: rational vs emotional appeals. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010 Mar;45(3):422-8. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2009.174. Epub 2009 Aug 3. |
| 22164662 | Background | Vasconcellos A, Nunes A, Feller E. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding the bone marrow registry among college and medical students in Rhode Island. Med Health R I. 2011 Oct;94(10):302-5. No abstract available. |
| 31724423 | Background | Vekaria KM, Hammell AE, Vincent L, Smith M, Rogers T, Switzer GE, Marsh AA. The role of prospection in altruistic bone marrow donation decisions. Health Psychol. 2020 Apr;39(4):316-324. doi: 10.1037/hea0000819. Epub 2019 Nov 14. |
| 41015944 | Derived | Daniel LC, Elias G, Shah P, Kokolis N. Increasing participation in the national marrow donor program: A randomized trial. J Health Psychol. 2026 Mar;31(4):1677-1691. doi: 10.1177/13591053251367869. Epub 2025 Sep 28. |
| Rational Group |
Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Rational Appeal: Participants will be presented with data regarding the importance of considering race/ethnicity when looking for a bone marrow transplant donor and the likelihood of finding a match based on the patient's racial/ethnic background. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Rational Group | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Rational Appeal: Participants will be presented with data regarding the importance of considering race/ethnicity when looking for a bone marrow transplant donor and the likelihood of finding a match based on the patient's racial/ethnic background. |
|
|
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| Secondary | Mood | Participant mood was assessed on a 1-10 scale, with higher scores indicating a better mood. Participants were asked these questions before (baseline) and after (post-intervention) the experimental manipulation. | Pre/Post Intervention Mood report for randomized participants. 1 did not complete data. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | units on a scale | Baseline and after experimental manipulation (Post-Intervention) |
|
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| Secondary | Psychosocial and Demographic Correlates of Intentions to Register--Knowledge | Participants completed a knowledge measure about bone marrow and stem cell transplant donation using true/false statements about transplant donation that was examined as a correlate of their intentions to register with the transplant registry. The measure was scored as a percent of items answered correctly, higher scores indicating better knowledge. | Participant knowledge at baseline (pre-intervention) in all randomized participants | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of knowledge items correct | Baseline |
|
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|
|
| 0 |
| 181 |
| 0 |
| 181 |
| 0 |
| 181 |
| EG001 | Rational Group | Participants will be randomly assigned to receive an emotional or rational appeal, stratified by sex. Rational Appeal: Participants will be presented with data regarding the importance of considering race/ethnicity when looking for a bone marrow transplant donor and the likelihood of finding a match based on the patient's racial/ethnic background. | 0 | 180 | 0 | 180 | 0 | 180 |
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