The aim of this study is to determine if insights based on the analysis of historical data of multidrug patients' electronic health records, by a novel system and algorithm, is noninferior to a clinical pharmacist analysis and insights.

Multidrug patients, also known as polypharmacy patients often suffer from adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In routine practice the clinical pharmacist helps prevent ADRs by comprehensive medication review, identifying drug related risks and problems and providing recommendations. The analysis of multidrug patients is highly complex and time consuming due to the large amount of multifactorial data of chronic multidrug patients' medications, symptoms, comorbidities and age-related issues. The MDI system is a tool for analyzing and providing insights on polypharmacy data [including electronic health records (EHRs) and claims data] to help clinicians evaluate complex medical records and ensure optimal and personal treatment recommendations.

After initial training of the MDI system on historical real-life patient EHRs, the MDI system and the clinical pharmacist reviewed patient EHR data from another patient cohort according to five categories: 1) duplication of therapy, 2) age-related issues, 3) incorrect dose, 4) current side effects and 5) future side effects risks. The insights of this assessment were recorded on patient conclusion sheets and adjudicated by an external judging committee, comprised of two senior academic clinical pharmacists. The judging committee were blinded to the source of the conclusion sheets.

Diagnostic accuracy parameters: agreement, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the MDI system and the clinical pharmacist were assessed. The gold standard of the diagnostic accuracy analysis was the judging committee.

Assuming that the total agreement is 5% higher for the MDI System, with a non-inferiority margin of 5%, α level of 5%, statistical power of 90%, and an expected standard deviation of 15%, the minimum sample size is about 20 cases. The achieved recruitment level was more than twice as much in the actual clinical trial.

This is an observational, retrospective study performed on deidentified electronic health records (EHRs). The study includes two stages: A pilot study for training and verification of a novel system; and a clinical validation study for evaluating the MDI system performance in comparison to the clinical pharmacist.

The main aim of the study is to determine the noninferiority of a novel system performance in comparison to the clinical pharmacist, for the creation of insights based on the analysis of multidrug patients' EHRs. The quality and accuracy of the analysis and insights is adjudicated by an external judging committee (the gold standard), comprised of two (2) senior academic clinical pharmacists (Pharm.D, Ph.D).

The clinical site's Information systems division scanned for EHRs of multidrug patients according to extraction criteria. The raw data of the patients' records were reviewed by the principal investigator (PI). Medical coding definitions of the extraction criteria were modified according to discrepancies found by the PI. The patients' deidentified EHRs were randomized to a training cohort for the training phase and to the clinical validation cohort.

Stage 1 of the trial was for training the MDI system on real-life patient EHRs. Deidentified EHRs of the training cohort were uploaded to the MDI System platform, which calculates each patient's risk for drug induced problems according to five categories: 1) duplication of therapy, 2) age-related issues, 3) incorrect dose, 4) current side effects and 5) future side effects risks. The MDI System output report is reviewed by the clinical team. The algorithms are modified based on the system-wide conclusions and the risk calculation model.

Stage 2 of the trial was for the clinical validation of the MDI system. The MDI system and clinical pharmacists independently evaluated the clinical cohort EHRs and reported insights on conclusion sheets according to the five categories: 1) duplication of therapy, 2) age-related issues, 3) incorrect dose, 4) current side effects and 5) future side effects risks. An external judging committee comprised of two (2) senior clinical pharmacy doctors, who were blinded to the source of the conclusion sheets, adjudicated the MDI system and clinical pharmacist insights.

Agreement is defined as an identical conclusion between the MDI system/clinical pharmacist's conclusion on any of the categories / problems documented on the patient's conclusion sheet and the judging committee conclusion (the gold standard). The judges were also instructed to add any finding that was missing in their professional opinion from the documented patient conclusion sheets. Agreement of a conclusion with the judging committee's conclusion is marked as true positive. Nonagreement of a conclusion and the judging committee's conclusion is marked as false positive. A conclusion variable found missing by the judging committee is marked as false negative. True negatives are defined as agreement between a conclusion regarding a missing finding in one of the categories.

The sample size for the clinical validation of the MDI System was based on the primary endpoint of non-inferiority of the diagnostic total agreement of the MDI System compared to the diagnostic total agreement of the Clinical Pharmacists for the total of the Combined Categories. The gold standard was the Judging Committee. Assuming that the total agreement is 5% higher for the MDI System, with a non-inferiority margin of 5%, α level of 5%, statistical power of 90%, and an expected standard deviation of 15%, the minimum sample size is about 20 cases. The achieved recruitment level was more than twice as much in the actual clinical trial.

Confidence intervals of 95% (95%CI) were calculated according to the T distribution under the non-inferiority assumption that the total agreement of the MDI algorithm system will not be inferior than the agreement accuracy of the clinical pharmacist. If the 95% CI limit of the percentage differences did not exceed 5% in favor of the clinical pharmacist, the non-inferiority hypothesis was confirmed. The calculation was performed for the primary endpoint (total of the five categories) and the secondary endpoints for each individual category.

The discrete variables assessed in the categories: duplication of therapy, age-related issues and incorrect dose were medications. The discrete variables assessed in the categories: current side effects and future side effects were the individual side effects. Diagnostic accuracy of the MDI System and the Clinical Pharmacists were assessed by the Judging Committee (the "gold standard").

For each subject, total agreement, PPV, NPV, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for all the combined categories together and for each separate category. The diagnostic accuracy of the total subjects is presented as mean, 95%CI of the mean, standard deviation (Std), median, minimum and maximum.

In addition, overall by-line (regardless of subject) validity parameters (overall agreement, PPV, NPV, Sensitivity and Specificity) were analyzed using frequency, percentages and 95% CI.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men or women aged 45 and over (inclusive) at the time of admission to hospital. Hospitalized at Hadassah Hospital from 2010 to 2017 in one of the following departments: Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Orthopedics, Neurology, Rehabilitation.

2. Patients who have available hospitalization summary information available that contains the content required to complete the indicated fields (according to the fields listed in Appendix 1 - Patient Sheet).

3. The patient's chronic medications at admission to hospital are from the following pharmacological families / medications: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), Beta Blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCB), Alpha blockers, Potassium-sparing diuretics, diuretics loop, diuretics thiazide, Anti platelets agents anticoagulants, Metformin Insulin, sulfonylurea (SU) / repaglinide glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogues, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, statin Fibrates, benzodiazapines / Z-drugs, Mirtazapine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) / norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), Antispasmodic / Anticholinergic, Antiepileplic agents) Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Primidone) , Opioids, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine 2 (H2) blockers.

4. Take at least six (6) chronic medications from the above list at the time of admission to the hospital (the list may also include medications that have been discontinued on admission to the hospital).

   -

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Oncology patients
2. Dialysis patients
3. Epileptic patients
4. Respiratory and anesthetized
5. Breastfeeding patients
6. Pregnant patients
7. Patients with hyperparathyroidism

Patients aged ≥45 years, that were prescribed at least six (6) medications on hospital admission for one of the following medical conditions: type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, s/p cerebrovascular accident (CVA), depression, dementia, neuropathy, and related symptoms and disease states [sleep disorder, pain, diabetic neuropathy, gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort].

Patients were excluded from the study if they had one of the following disease states: oncologic disease, dialysis / end-stage renal disease (ESRD), epilepsy, ventilated and sedated, hyperparathyroidism or were breastfeeding or pregnant.