Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of conventional versus acupuncture-like TENS on pain threshold, brain activities, and their relationships.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a pain modulation tool which is commonly used clinically. TENS has 2 major modes: "conventional TENS'' and "acupuncture like TENS". Conventional TENS induces a local pain modulation, whereas acupuncture like TENS induces central pain modulation mechanism. The pain threshold at treatment area and outside of area is regarded as local pain modulation and central pain modulation respectively. However, the effect of acupuncture like TENS on pain threshold was remained unclear. TENS also induces cortical activities changed in the central nervous system. Recent Electroencephalography (EEG) studies suggested that TENS induces event-related potential and power spectrum changes, however, the time and frequency bands of EEG changes and its relationship with pain threshold were still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the effects of conventional versus acupuncture-like TENS on pain threshold, brain activities, and their relationships.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acupuncture like TENS | Experimental | The study would use acupuncture like TENS for 30 minutes |
|
| Conventional TENS | Experimental | The study would use conventional TENS for 30 minutes |
|
| Sham TENS | Experimental | The study would use sham TENS for 30 minutes |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acupuncture like TENS | Device | Frequency: 4 Hz, pulse duration: 200 μs, intensity: 3/10 painful sensation with muscle contraction , time: 30 minutes |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure pain threshold after the intervention | Use a pressure algometer to press on the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the pressure would stop until the feeling changes from non-painful feeling to painful feeling. | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| Pressure pain tolerance after the intervention | Use a pressure algometer to press on the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the pressure would stop until the feeling reach the pain intensity at 5/10. | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in delta band after the intervention | Evaluate brain activity after the intervention | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in theta band after the intervention | Evaluate brain activity after the intervention | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in alpha band after the intervention | Evaluate brain activity after the intervention | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in beta band after the intervention | Evaluate brain activity after the intervention | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in low-gamma band after the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure pain tolerance after the 30 minutes break | Use a pressure algometer to press on the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the pressure would stop until the feeling reach the pain intensity at 5/10. | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| Pressure pain threshold after the 30 minutes break |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li-Wei Chou, PhD | Contact | +886228267092 | lwchou@ym.edu.tw | |
| Heng-Chi Hsu | Contact | 0984443386 | sidcanfly880122.be10@nycu.edu.tw |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Li-Wei Chou, PhD | National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Yang-Ming University | Recruiting | Taipei | 112 | Taiwan |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Conventional TENS | Device | Frequency: 100 Hz, pulse duration: 200 μs, intensity: strong but comfortable tingling sensation , time: 30 minutes |
|
| Sham TENS | Device | Frequency: 4 Hz, pulse duration: 200 μs, intensity: tingling sensation, time: turn on the electricity for 15 seconds, then turn off the machine for 30 minutes |
|
Evaluate brain activity after the intervention |
| The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in high-gamma band after the intervention | Evaluate brain activity after the intervention | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in total gamma band after the intervention | Evaluate brain activity after the intervention | The change between baseline and the time after 30 minutes intervention |
Use a pressure algometer to press on the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the pressure would stop until the feeling changes from non-painful feeling to painful feeling. |
| The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in delta band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in theta band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in alpha band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in beta band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in low-gamma band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in high-gamma band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |
| EEG power spectrum change in total gamma band after the 30 minutes break | Evaluate brain activity after the 30 minutes break | The change between 30 minutes intervention and 30 minutes break after the intervention |