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Established renal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and has implications for the conduct of general anesthesia (1).
Anesthetic management of pediatric patients is uniquely challenging. A large part of the anesthetic care includes pain management, management of concomitant disease, and risk reduction for adverse events. Perioperative pain management usually involves a multimodal pharmacologic approach to minimize opioid requirements. Regional anesthesia is valuable for postoperative pain control (2).
Postoperative analgesia is dictated by the extent and nature of the surgery. Regional block should be utilized where possible for its opioid-sparing effects. Where morphine infusions are commenced, the dose should be reduced due to the risk of accumulation of active metabolites and resultant opiate toxicity. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are always avoided due to their deleterious effects on urine output (3).
Pediatric regional anesthesia is one of the most valuable and safe tools to treat perioperative pain and is an essential part of modern anesthetic practice. It provides excellent pain relief and allows caregivers to use multimodal analgesic techniques and decrease the use of opioids. Upper extremity brachial plexus blocks in children Various approaches to brachial plexus are available. The choice of the block is made depending on the indications. The supra-clavicular approach covers all the surgeries of the humerus and below (4).
The use of regional anaesthesia is mostly associated with vasodilatation which may guard against arterial spasm and may play a role in decreasing the postoperative complication and success of the superficialization of the arteriovenous shunt as a line for hemodialysis.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| General anesthesia only. | Placebo Comparator | the pediatric patients will receive general anesthesia only. |
|
| General anesthesia plus supraclavicular block. | Active Comparator | the pediatric patients will receive combined supraclavicular block and general anesthesia. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| general anesthesia only. | Other | induction of general anesthesia by propofol and maintenance sevoflurane. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| brachiocephalic fistula maturation time | time in weeks required by fistula to be clinically mature | 6 month postoperative |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| anaesthetic consumption | measurment of anesthesia MAC | 90 minutes intraoperative |
| postoperative analgesia time | 24 hours postoperative | |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egypt | Asyut | 71515 | Egypt |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26171895 | Background | Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P. Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 14;2015(7):CD006447. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006447.pub3. | |
| 24907283 | Background | Suresh S, Schaldenbrand K, Wallis B, De Oliveira GS Jr. Regional anaesthesia to improve pain outcomes in paediatric surgical patients: a qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Sep;113(3):375-90. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu156. Epub 2014 Jun 6. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Anaesthesia for children with renal disease. | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D010146 | Pain |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000768 | Anesthesia, General |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000758 | Anesthesia |
| D000760 | Anesthesia and Analgesia |
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Randomized, double-blinded controlled trial.
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Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
| general anesthesia plus supraclavicular block. | Other | induction of general anesthesia by propofol and maintenance sevoflurane then the patients will receive the supraclavicular block with bupivacaine 0.5 ml per kg. |
|
| EMERGENCE agitation |
RASS score used with -5 = deeply sedated and 4 = highly agitated |
| 30 minutes postoperative |
| VAS score | scale of 10 points. zero= no pain and 10 = worest pain | 24h postoperative |
| 18544144 | Background | De Jose Maria B, Banus E, Navarro Egea M, Serrano S, Perello M, Mabrok M. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular vs infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Sep;18(9):838-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02644.x. Epub 2008 Jun 9. |
| 40380096 | Derived | Elsawy S, Fathy E, Elbadawy A, Elnaggar A, Abdelatif AF, Elmorabaa H, Hamed R. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block as an additive to sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatrics undergoing brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula operation: randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2025 May 16;25(1):248. doi: 10.1186/s12871-025-03091-1. |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |