Narrative:

Worldwide, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among children and adolescents. The Investigators aim to test whether pediatric TBI treatment guided by invasive intracranial pressure monitoring produces better patient outcomes than care guided by a protocol without invasive monitoring. Study findings will inform clinical practice in treating pediatric severe TBI globally. Focused didactic and experience-based learning opportunities will increase the research capacity of pediatric intensivists in Latin America.

Abstract:

Children who survive severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) live with profound impairments that alter their development and future possibilities. Worldwide, TBI is the leading cause of death and disability for children/ adolescents with the US annual incidence 6 times greater than MS, HIV/AIDS, spinal cord injury, and breast cancer combined.

Our primary focus for scientific investigation is to conduct a high quality randomized controlled trial addressing a critical TBI management question: Does using a protocol with information from intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring to direct treatment of children with sTBI improve outcomes vs an aggressive management protocol based on imaging and clinical examination alone? This follows on our adult ICP study which found no outcome differences and has occasioned re-thinking of treatment guidelines for sTBI patients >13. A separate study is essential because children are not simply small adults and some treatment approaches carry age-related additional risks. Thus, study findings will inform US and global clinical practice.

This trial will be conducted in 8 Latin American pediatric ICUs where infrastructures and practice patterns are optimal for strong internal validity and resources represent trauma care in the developing world. The successful adolescent/adult BEST TRIP trial, which collected high-quality data in similar environments (cited > 900 times) underscores the feasibility of this approach.

Specific Aim: In a Phase III randomized superiority trial in 428 children with sTBI from 8 Latin American pediatric trauma centers, test the effect on outcomes of management of sTBI guided by a protocol using information from ICP monitors vs. management using a protocol that uses imaging and clinical exams to guide treatment.

Hypothesis #1: Children with severe TBI whose acute care treatment is managed using a protocol based on data from ICP monitoring will have significantly lower mortality and better quality of life and global outcome at 6 months post-trauma than those whose treatment is managed with a protocol based on imaging and clinical exam. The primary measure of functional recovery is the PedsQL at 6 months. A secondary measure is GOSE-Peds.

Hypothesis #2: Incorporating ICP monitoring into sTBI patient care will minimize secondary complications, decrease length of stay in ICU and decrease brain-specific treatments.

Specific Aim: The Investigators will train personnel in centers new to research how to conduct high-quality scientific studies, and will extend the training for the personnel with whom the Investigators have been working, solidifying previous capacity-building efforts, and initiating new efforts.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Provision of signed and dated informed consent form by the parent(s) or guardian(s)

2. Non-penetrating TBI

3. Admission to study hospital within 24 hours of injury

4. Total GCS score ≤ 8 on admission or within first 48 hours after injury (measured using pediatric GCS 1 for children < 2 years old and standard GCS for older children)

5. Age 1 through 12 years

6. Able to randomize:

   • Within 24 hours of injury (for patients with GCS ≤ 8 on admission) OR
   • Within 24 hours of deterioration (for patients deteriorating to GCS ≤ 8 within 48 hours of injury)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Motor GCS score of 6
2. GCS of 3 with bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils
3. Injury thought to be intentionally inflicted by a family member or caregiver.

When the study is completed, access to study data may be provided through the UW Data Repository for future analyses about brain injury, its treatment, and outcomes or other scientifically appropriate questions. A de-identified dataset will be provided to successful candidates for the specified use.

Data will be made available 1 year after the primary study results are published.

Researchers will complete a data use agreement that includes the questions to be answered with the data.

Outcome assessors will not go into the ICU when a study participant is being treated, unmasked study staff will not inform the outcome assessor which protocol was used for a participant. and outcome assessors will remind participant's parents to refrain for telling them which treatment protocol was used for the participant.