Effects of Central Sensitization on Response to Conventional Physical Therapy in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
Effects of Central Sensitization on Response to Conventional Physical Therapy in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between central sensitization (CS) and poor response to conventional physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by evaluating clinical parameters of pain and functionality.
84 knee OA patients with knee pain for at least 3 months and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Socio-demographic features of the participants such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and duration of symptoms were recorded. Structural damage was assessed by knee radiography. Knee pain and functional status were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) at baseline and immediately after the treatment. Additionally, the following measures were applied at baseline: Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pain Catastrophization Scale (PCS), and PainDETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured with a digital algometer at the painful joint, near the joint area, and in a painless remote region. Patients with knee OA underwent a total of 15 sessions of conventional physical therapy program including hotpack, ultrasound (US), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and exercise 5 days a week, for 3 weeks. The control group had no treatment except for the PPT measurement to obtain the reference PPT values. After the treatment, the patients were divided into two groups as 'responders' and 'non-responders' according to their response to treatment. The relationship between the response to physical therapy and clinical parameters was evaluated.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between central sensitization (CS) and poor response to conventional physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) by evaluating clinical parameters of pain and functionality.
The study was planned as a prospective, cohort study. Patients presenting with knee pain lasting more than 3 months and diagnosed with primary knee OA according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were screened to be included in the study at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine. The protocol was approved by the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Clinical Research Ethics Committee (27.05.2019 and Decision No. 10-795-19) and the trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Patients in the OA group underwent a total of 15 sessions of conventional physical therapy program including hotpack, ultrasound (US), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and exercise 5 days a week, for 3 weeks. Hot pack was applied for 10 minutes, US was applied continuously at 1 megahertz (MHz), 1.0 W/cm2 for 10 minutes, and TENS was applied for 30 minutes according to the patient's tolerance. The exercise program consisted of an active, active-assisted range of motion and isometric quadriceps strength training. The control group had no treatment except for the PPT measurements to obtain the reference PPT values. At the end of treatment, patients were divided into two groups as responders and nonresponders according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) OA responder criteria.
Demographic and Clinical Assessment:
At the beginning of the study, the age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and pain duration of all participants were recorded. All participants underwent physical examination including a patellar tap test, temperature increase, and range of motion.
Evaluation of Pain and Functional Status:
Visual analog scale (0-100 mm) VAS was used to evaluate pain intensity. The health status of patients with knee OA was evaluated by the Turkish version of the WOMAC Index. The Likert- boxes format of WOMAC was preferred.
Radiographic Evaluation:
The knee anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of all participants in the OA group were taken and evaluated by the researcher and an experienced physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) radiographic staging system. Knee radiographs were not taken for the participants in the control group.
Evaluation of Central Sensitization:
Pain pressure threshold (PPT) measurement and Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) were used to evaluate central sensitization. The PPT measurement was done on the painful knee in the OA group, on the knee with more severe pain if both knees were painful, and on a randomly determined knee in the control group, on the same side tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and the opposite side forearm. Knee measurement was performed over medial joint spacing, TA muscle measurement was performed 5 cm distal to tuberosity tibia, and forearm measurement was performed 5 cm distal to medial epicondyle on the volar side. Since the medial tibiofemoral compartment is affected more frequently in knee OA, medial joint space was preferred for measurements. TA muscle was evaluated to determine the peripheral spread of pain and the forearm to determine the presence of sensitization at a distant point. All points were selected from places that could be marked according to bone markers so that the measurements could be made from the same points in the participants.
A digital pressure algometer (J-Tech Commander Algometer, USA) was used for the measurements. The hard 1 cm² tip of the algometer was placed perpendicular to the skin on the points to be measured, the pressure was gradually increased until the participant started feeling pain, and the value at the time of pain was recorded. Three measurements were made for each region. During the measurements, the probe was slightly displaced to prevent the sensitization of the region and waited 30 seconds in between. The first measurement was evaluated as a trial learning measurement, the last two measurements were averaged and recorded in Newton/cm2 (N/cm2). It was ensured that the participants did not take analgesics in the last 24 hours before the evaluation, and other medical treatments (antidepressant, pregabalin, etc.) if any, were allowed.
Evaluation of Clinical Conditions Associated with OA and CS:
The possible clinical conditions associated with OA and CS such as neuropathic pain, pain catastrophizing, depression, and sleep problems were also evaluated. The presence of neuropathic pain was assessed by the painDETECT (PD-Q) neuropathic pain questionnaire, pain catastrophizing was assessed by the Pain catastrophizing Scale (PCS), depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and sleep problems were assessed by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).
Evaluation of Hyperalgesia:
To investigate the presence of CS in OA patients individually and to show how many of the patients had pressure hyperalgesia, the PPT values from 3 regions of patients were compared separately with the normal reference PPT values obtained from the data of the healthy control group. Reference data were normalized to the specific group means and variances by calculating z-scores recommended by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS).
Z score = [Value (subject) - Mean (controls)] / Standard deviation (controls)
After the Z transformation, normal distribution of PPT values was achieved. A Z score of 0±1.96 represents 95% of the distribution of the healthy control group's outcomes. Those who were outside the 95% confidence interval of the healthy control group outcomes, i.e. those with a z score of <-1.96 or >1.96, were identified as abnormal. Negative values represent hyperalgesia, positive values represent hypoalgesia.
The Student's t and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare variables between the responders and non-responders. Categorical variables were analysed using chi-square test or Fisher's exact chi-square test. Spearman Correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between continuous variables. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between groups that responded to and did not respond to treatment and central sensitization. When p<0.05, the results were considered statistically significant.
Sample size determination:
The required sample size was determined by a power analysis before the study. When the investigators accepted the effect size as 0.3145 and the margin of error as 5%, it was concluded that 80 OA patients should be included to reach a power of 80% with 1 degree of freedom chi-square test.
Inclusion criteria:
Patient group:
Control group:
Exclusion Criteria:
Patient group:
Control group: