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The study conducts a case control analysis of the nutritional status and intake of autistic spectrum disorder diagnosed children as compared to typically developing children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It included analysis of anthropometric measurements, three days food diary food intake, urinary iodine analysis, childhood autism rating scale diagnosis, food frequency and eating behavior questioner and proximate analysis of one day major meals of selected subjects.
Sample population was Addis Ababa city in which subjects were selected from one of the two autism centers in the country. Random sampling method was applied to select subject from the total enrolled children in the center using Ryan 2013 sample size calculation formula.
Subjects already diagnose with autistic spectrum disorder that didn't have any other chronic disease that affect diet and nutrition were included in the study. Subjects were selected randomly from each grade level in the center. They were registered and taken for data collection. Sample and Data was collected with the help of each child's center caregiver and parent. Childhood autism rating scale diagnosis, eating behavior analysis were analyzed for the ASD and anthropometric indices Z scores, urine iodine concentration, three days food diary analysis, major meals proximate analysis, food frequency and dietary diversity was assessed and compared to typically developing children in Addis Ababa.
Data entry and analysis was conducted using Emergency Nutrition Assessment software, Microsoft excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASD ( autistic spectrum disorder) | Children already diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder |
| |
| TDC (typically developing children) | Children within the typically development |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutritional status | Other | Nutritional status of children as analyzed by anthropometric indices was under study |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body Mass Index for age z-scores | Body Mass Index and age will be combined to report Body mass index for age z-score in Kg/m2 for age in months | 1 day |
| Height for age z-scores | Height and age will be combined to report height for age z-scores in centimeter for age in months | 1 day |
| Weight for age z-scores | weight and age will be combined to report weight for age z-scores in kg for age in months | 1 day |
| Zinc intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of zinc in mg/day | 5 days |
| Energy intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of energy in kcal/day | 5 days |
| Protein intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of protein in gm/day | 5 days |
| Lipid intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of lipid in gm/day | 5 days |
| Carbohydrate intake using three days food diary questioner |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| energy intake using proximate analysis of one day major meals | proximate analysis of one day major meals will be used to report intake of energy in k cal /100gm | 2 months |
| Ash intake using proximate analysis of one day major meals |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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The target population of this study were school-aged (i.e. 4-17 years old) children with ASD residing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted in one of the two selected autism center in Addis Ababa Ethiopia , one of the two autism centers in Ethiopia. Controls were selected from typically developing children's population of the same area as of ASD population.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Feven Yirgu Tamire | Addis Ababa Science and Technology University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addis Ababa Science and Technology University | Addis Ababa | 0000 | Ethiopia |
Due to Ethical issue, sharing data to 3rd party is not decided yet.
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Aug 19, 2022 |
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Urine analysis
| Eating behavior | Behavioral | The eating behavior of ASD children as analyzed by frequency of refusal of new food, sensitivity to food, food allergy and gastrointestinal systems was under study |
|
| Urine iodine concentration | Other | the 24 urine iodine concentration of all subjects was under study |
|
| Nutrient intake | Other | The nutrient intake as analyzed by three days food diary and major meal proximate analysis of subjects was under study |
|
| Dietary assessment | Other | The food frequency and dietary diversity of all subjects as analyzed by food frequency questioner, dietary diversity score and food variety score was under study |
|
| Childhood autism rating scale | Other | The autistic severity of ASD diagnosed children was under study as analyzed by childhood autism rating scale diagnosis |
|
Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of carbohydrate in gm/day |
| 5 days |
| Calcium intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of calcium in mg/day | 5 days |
| Iron intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of Iron in mg/day | 5 days |
| Thiamine intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of Thiamine in mg/day | 5 days |
| Vitamin C intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of vitamin C in mg/day | 5 days |
| Vitamin B2 intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of vitamin B2 in mg/day | 5 days |
| Niacin intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of niacin in mg/day | 5 days |
| Vitamin A intake using three days food diary questioner | Three days food diary questioner will be used to report intake of vitamin A in mg/day | 5 days |
| Urine iodine concentration of children | Urine iodine concentration of children in µg /L | 2 month |
| Autism symptom severity of children using Childhood Autism rating Scale diagnosis | Childhood autism rating scale assessed by total raw scores by age. for age 0-12, scores of 15-29.5 indicate limited behavior related to autism, score of 30-36.5 indicate mild to moderate level of behavior related to autism, score 37-60 indicate sever level behavior related to autism. for age 13 years and older, 15-27.5 indicate limited behavior related to autism, score of 28-34.5 indicate mild to moderate level of behavior related to autism, score 35-60 indicate sever level behavior related to autism. | 2 days |
proximate analysis of one day major meals will be used to report intake of Ash in gm/100gm
| 2 months |
| Lipid intake using proximate analysis of one day major meals | proximate analysis of one day major meals will be used to report intake of lipid in gm/100gm | 2 months |
| protein intake using proximate analysis of one day major meals | proximate analysis of one day major meals will be used to report intake of protein in gm/100gm | 2 months |
| Carbohydrate intake using proximate analysis of one day major meals | proximate analysis of one day major meals will be used to report intake of carbohydrate in gm/100gm | 1 week |
| frequency of food group consumption using food frequency questioner | percentage of children consuming from each food groups using a food frequency questioner | 5 days |
| dietary diversity score of children using three days food diary | consumption of 1-3 food groups is scored as low dietary diversity score, consumption of 4-5 food groups is scored as medium dietary diversity score, consumption of >5 food groups is scored as high dietary diversity score. | 5 days |
| frequency of food refusal in children using a questioner | frequency is scored as never to seldom, mild and sever | 5 days |
| frequency of sensitivity to food | frequency is scored as never to seldom, mild and sever | 5 days |
| frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms | frequency is scored as never to seldom, mild and sever | 5 days |
| frequency of food allergic reactions | frequency is scored as never to seldom, mild and sever | 5 days |
| Aug 19, 2022 |
| Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Aug 19, 2022 | Aug 23, 2022 | ICF_001.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067877 | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002659 | Child Development Disorders, Pervasive |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009752 | Nutritional Status |
| D004435 | Eating |
| D015596 | Nutrition Assessment |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D006304 | Health Status |
| D003710 | Demography |
| D011154 | Population Characteristics |
| D004068 | Digestive System Physiological Phenomena |
| D055688 | Digestive System and Oral Physiological Phenomena |
| D003625 | Data Collection |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D015991 | Epidemiologic Measurements |
| D011634 | Public Health |
| D004778 | Environment and Public Health |
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