Globally, leading causes of death among children one month to 5 years old are pneumonia, diarrheal disease and malaria which are treatable early in the disease-course with low-cost medications. However, these diseases can progress to emergencies when access to care is delayed. In response, a telemedicine and medication delivery service (TMDS) was designed to improve nighttime access to pediatric care and treatment. The TMDS will be implemented in three distinct Ghanaian community to evaluate the clinical safety, operational feasibility of implementing,and scalability of the service.

Globally, leading causes of death among children one month to 5 years old are pneumonia, diarrheal disease and malaria which are treatable early in the disease-course with low-cost medications. However, these diseases can progress to emergencies when access to care is delayed. In response, a telemedicine and medication delivery service (TMDS) called MotoMeds was designed to overcome barriers to seeking care. MotoMeds targets the nighttime period when barriers to accessing care are highest. The TMDS was initially deployed in Haiti and will now be evaluated for generalizability and portability in Ghana.

The study objectives are to assess clinical safety and logistical feasibility of the TMDS. The study population is children in Accra and Tamale. The workflow consists of parents/guardians calling the TMDS on their child's behalf, Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) referring severe cases to emergency services, EMTs performing a phone assessment for non-severe cases, and EMTs traveling to the child's household to perform an in-person exam, rapid diagnostic testing for malaria where indicated as per protocol, and to deliver protocolized medications for cases within a predefined delivery zone.

EMTs and the protocols/guidelines used are supervised by Ghanaian and US physicians.

Clinical safety and feasibility of the TMDS will be evaluated using patient and logistical metrics.

Child Participant Inclusion Criteria:

• Child ≤ 10 years
• Has an acute medical problem
• Provides written assent (if 10 years and receives a household visit)

Child Participant Exclusion Criteria:

• Child > 10 years
• Child does not have an acute medical problem
• Medical problem involves physical trauma or mental health
• Refusal of written assent (if 10 years and receives a household visit)

Parent/Guardian Participant Inclusion Criteria:

• Calls MotoMeds during operating hours
• Parent/guardian of a patient participant meeting inclusion criteria
• Adult (18 years or older)
• Provides written consent (household visit) or a waiver of documentation of consent (no household visit)

Parent/Guardian Participant Exclusion Criteria:

• Age < 18 years
• No written consent or waiver of documentation of consent
• Corresponding child does not meet inclusion criteria

The de-identified individual participant data (IDP) will be made publicly available through a data depository such as Dryad.

The de-identified IDP will likely be made available within 1 year of the conclusion of the study and will remain available indefinitely.

The de-identified IDP will be publicly available.