In collaboration with Raffles Medical Group, we will be recruiting 500 patients and following them for the next 3-12 months to see whether pharmacogenomics information provided in the Raffles' Electronic Health Records (EHR) will be used by physicians to personalize patients' prescriptions.

Pre-emptive genotyping provides relevant genomic data to physicians to facilitate prescribing and to facilitate checking of prescriptions by pharmacists to ensure drug safety and efficacy. This essential information should be incorporated into electronic healthcare systems and should be readily available. The effectiveness of pre-emptive genotyping to reduce adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is unknown in Singapore. Hence, this study is designed to evaluate whether it is feasible to implement large scale pre-emptive genotyping program at a hospital in Singapore and aim to integrate genomic medicine into clinical practice to improve drug safety and efficacy.

This study involves the testing of feasibility of pharmacogenomic genotyping in hospitals whereby our pharmacogenomics panel tests for 5 genes (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, SLCO1B1 and HLA-B*58:01) which influences patient's response to more than 165 medications. Reports will be generated for all drugs that have been reported to be in CPIC Level A/B of association with the genes/haplotypes. The patients who are given these tests for free are recommended due to having experienced at least one of the diseases in our list or is at a risk of developing them.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who experienced at least one of the following diseases, or is at risk of developing them:

  1. Diabetes Mellitus

  2. Hypertension

  3. Hyperlipidaemia

  4. Ischaemic Heart Disease

  5. Stroke

  6. Osteoarthritis

  7. Rheumatoid Arthritis

  8. Gout

  9. Anxiety

  10. Major Depression

      Exclusion Criteria:

• Below ages 21 and above ages 65

250 patients visiting Raffles Hospital in Singapore