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The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of an aquatic exercise program on cognition and physical function of older adults.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic Exercise Group | Experimental | Aquatic class 45 minutes, 3 times a week, for 8 weeks |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | Usual care for 8 weeks and one hour education session on fall prevention. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic Integrated Cognitive Motor Training | Behavioral | Aquatic exercise class with focus on cognitive and physical exercise |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stroop Effect Test: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | Measure of working memory and attention | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Trail Making Test A and B: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | Measure of visual scanning and working memory | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Digit Backwards Test : Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | Measure of working memory capacity | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Gait Measurements: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | 4 gait conditions (single task gait, dual task gait with head turns, dual task gait with head nods, and dual task gait count backwards by serial 7s). Gait measures collected with Strideway Gait Analysis System. | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Functional Outcome Measures: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | Timed Up and Go Test, Cognitive Timed Up and Go Test, Single Leg Balance Test, and Four Square Step Test. | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Vital Sign measurements: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | Blood pressure and heart rate taken after 5 min supine, immediately upon standing, and 2 min after standing | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Anthropometric measurements: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Emily Dunlap, BS | The University of Texas at Austin | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The University of Texas at Austin | Austin | Texas | 78712 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24553298 | Background | Carter HH, Spence AL, Pugh CJ, Ainslie P, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Cardiovascular responses to water immersion in humans: impact on cerebral perfusion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014 May;306(9):R636-40. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00516.2013. Epub 2014 Feb 19. | |
| 29738406 | Background | Bressel E, Louder TJ, Raikes AC, Alphonsa S, Kyvelidou A. Water Immersion Affects Episodic Memory and Postural Control in Healthy Older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2019 Oct/Dec;42(4):E1-E6. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000192. |
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Sharing of deidentified individual participant data will be available upon reasonable request.
The data will become available after publication
Data will be available to researcher for meta-analysis purpose upon reasonable request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020233 | Gait Disorders, Neurologic |
| D051346 | Mobility Limitation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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Height and weight |
| Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Neurotrophic Growth Factors: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | Serum concentration of brain derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor 1 | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Numeric Pain Rating Scale: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | An 11 point scale for level of pain from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain). | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Global Rating of Change Questionnaire: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | A 15 point global rating scale for changes in domains, from -7 (a great deal worse); through 0 (no change) to +7 (a great deal better). | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| Activities-specific balance confidence scale: Change from baseline to the end of intervention/control period | A structured questionnaire that measures an individuals confidence performing daily activities. The minimum score is 0% (no confidence in balance) to 100% (complete confidence in balance). | Measures taken at baseline and again at approximately 9-10 weeks |
| 28166116 | Background | Parfitt R, Hensman MY, Lucas SJE. Cerebral Blood Flow Responses to Aquatic Treadmill Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Jul;49(7):1305-1312. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001230. |
| 24977699 | Background | Pugh CJ, Sprung VS, Ono K, Spence AL, Thijssen DH, Carter HH, Green DJ. The effect of water immersion during exercise on cerebral blood flow. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Feb;47(2):299-306. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000422. |
| 31954186 | Background | Kang DW, Bressel E, Kim DY. Effects of aquatic exercise on insulin-like growth factor-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cognitive function in elderly women. Exp Gerontol. 2020 Apr;132:110842. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110842. Epub 2020 Jan 15. |
| 30195218 | Background | Commandeur D, Klimstra MD, MacDonald S, Inouye K, Cox M, Chan D, Hundza SR. Difference scores between single-task and dual-task gait measures are better than clinical measures for detection of fall-risk in community-dwelling older adults. Gait Posture. 2018 Oct;66:155-159. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.08.020. Epub 2018 Aug 23. |
| 28469588 | Background | de Assis GG, de Almondes KM. Exercise-dependent BDNF as a Modulatory Factor for the Executive Processing of Individuals in Course of Cognitive Decline. A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2017 Apr 19;8:584. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00584. eCollection 2017. |
| 25467636 | Background | Doi T, Shimada H, Makizako H, Tsutsumimoto K, Hotta R, Nakakubo S, Suzuki T. Association of insulin-like growth factor-1 with mild cognitive impairment and slow gait speed. Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Feb;36(2):942-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.035. Epub 2014 Nov 1. |
| 30775818 | Background | Nissim M, Hutzler Y, Goldstein A. A walk on water: comparing the influence of Ai Chi and Tai Chi on fall risk and verbal working memory in ageing people with intellectual disabilities - a randomised controlled trial. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2019 Jun;63(6):603-613. doi: 10.1111/jir.12602. Epub 2019 Feb 18. |
| 24965855 | Background | Sato D, Seko C, Hashitomi T, Sengoku Y, Nomura T. Differential effects of water-based exercise on the cognitive function in independent elderly adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015 Apr;27(2):149-59. doi: 10.1007/s40520-014-0252-9. Epub 2014 Jun 26. |