Dry immersion (DI) is a ground-based model of prolonged conditions of simulated microgravity. Dry immersion involves immersing the subject in water covered with an elastic waterproof fabric. As a result, the immersed subject, who is freely suspended in the water mass, remains dry. Within a relatively short duration, the model can faithfully reproduce most physiological effects of actual microgravity, including centralization of body fluids, support unloading, and hypokinesia.

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the physiological effects of 5 days of dry immersion in 20 healthy male subjects, and to obtain DI-in-Men Reference Dataset. A set of measurements will assess the changes in the cardiovascular, neuro-ophthalmological, hematological, metabolic, sensorimotor, immune, muscle and bone systems.

Space flights have shown the possibilities and limitations of human adaptation to space. For the last 50 years, results have shown that the space environment and microgravity in particular, cause changes that may affect the performance of astronauts. These physiological changes are now better known: prolonged exposure to weightlessness can lead to significant loss of bone and muscle mass, strength, cardiovascular and sensory-motor deconditioning, immune, hormonal and metabolic changes .

Moreover, recently a new suite of physiological adaptations and consequences of space flight has been acknowledged. Indeed, after long flights, some astronauts present persistent ophthalmologic changes, mostly a hyperopic shift, an increase in optic nerve sheath diameter and occasionally a papillary oedema now defined by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). Some of these vision changes remain unresolved for years post-flight. This phenomenon has most likely existed since the beginning of human space flight but is just recently being recognized as a major consequence of adaptation to microgravity.

Overall, spaceflight induces physiological multi-system deconditioning which may impact astronauts' efficiency and create difficulties upon their return to normal gravity. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these processes and developing efficient countermeasures to prevent, limit or reverse this deconditioning remain important challenges and major priorities for manned space programs.

The space agencies are actively engaged in studying the physiological adaptation to space environment through studies on board the International Space Station (ISS) but also on the ground. Indeed, considering the limited number of flight opportunities, the difficulties related to the performance of in-flight experiments (operational constraints for astronauts, limited capabilities of in-flight biomedical devices), ground-based experiments simulating the effects of weightlessness are used to better understand the mechanisms of physiological adaptation, design and validate the countermeasures. Different methods are used to simulate microgravity on Earth. However, two approaches, -6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) and dry immersion (DI) have provided possibilities for long-term exposures with findings closest to those seen with a weightless state. They produce changes in body composition (including body fluid redistribution), cardiovascular and skeletal muscle characteristics that resemble the effects of microgravity.

The common physiological denominator is the combination of a cephalad shift of body fluids and reduced physical activity. Being similar in their effects on the human body, these models, however, differ in their specifics and acting factors. The HDBR, as the name implies, implicates a long (from several weeks to a year) stay in the supine position, the head tilted down by -6° from the horizontal plane. HDBR is the most frequently used ground-based simulation for gravitational unloading of the human body in western countries.

Unlike bed rest, dry immersion provides a unique opportunity to study the physiological effects of the lack of a supporting structure for the body. Dry immersion means immersing the subject into thermoneutral water, while covered with a special elastic free floating waterproof fabric. The subject, surrounded by the tarp and "freely suspended" in the water mass, remains dry. During horizontal immersion, pressure forces are distributed nearly equally around the entire surface of the body (only the head and neck are not entirely supported by water). The absence of mechanical support of specific anatomic zones during immersion creates a state akin to weightlessness called "supportlessness". Physiological changes under DI develop more rapidly and are more profound than under HDBR . This advanced ground-based model is extremely suited to test countermeasures for microgravity-induced deconditioning and physical inactivity-related pathologies.

In 2015, DI facility has been installed at the Space Clinic in Toulouse (France), and a first in Europe three-day dry immersion study was carried out in 12 healthy male volunteers. That study demonstrated an important headward fluid transfer with a significant dilatation of the jugular veins, an increase in venous blood velocities and intracranial pressure, as well as ophthalmological changes consistent with a presumable increase in intracranial pressure at the head at over 20 mmHg (normal values 7 to 15 mmHg), which confirms that dry immersion is a good model to simulate the effects of fluid transfer. In 2019, a second dry-immersion experiment, this time lasting 5 days, was conducted in 18 healthy male volunteers. The goal was to quantify the effect of venoconstrictive thigh cuffs, used for 10 hours/day as a countermeasure, on the time course and extent of DI-induced alterations in body fluids, cephalic circulation, fundus, and brain. These two studies have sparked the interest in the dry immersion model.

Indeed, the European Space Agency (ESA) has decided to include this model in the research programs it promotes on the effects of weightlessness. As a first step, ESA decided to carry out a standardization work like the one done on the bedrest model. ESA tasked a group of European experts to design a first study and the tests that would need to be carried out to better understand and validate the model.

Few studies conducted to date have investigated gender differences in the astronaut population.

The small number of female astronauts may be part of the reason why scientific data are lacking to draw valid conclusions about possible gender differences. However, if women currently constitute only about 12% of astronauts (only 72 women out of 596 astronauts as of December 2021), they are and will be more and more represented in crews. They now constitute 30% of American crews and NASA (US space agency) has announced gender parity for crews on future lunar missions. It is therefore essential to study the physiological changes induced by weightlessness in both sexes, and to develop efficient sex-specific countermeasures. The expert group has therefore concluded that two different studies with the same design should be carried out, one in women and one in men, to obtain a comparable dataset. An immersion period of 5 days was determined to induce the physiological changes they wish to study. A battery of tests has thus been defined by this expert group based on standard tests carried out in bedrest studies (Bedrest Standard Measurements), supplemented by additional tests to further investigate the model and to acquire a better understanding of the time course of the physiological changes in both sexes.

This work has started in 2021 with a first study, conducted in women during a 5-day immersion period (awaiting publication). The next step is to realize a similar set of measurements in men, to standardize the dry immersion model taking into account sex differences.

This study falls within this context and will be the first ESA dry immersion study carried out in men. Its objective is to obtain a standardized dataset for DI in men, which will serve as a basis for the development and evaluation of countermeasures to support future space missions. The main physiological systems will be explored before, during and after the 5 days of immersion through a battery of specific tests and measurements. The results will be analyzed by scientists specializing in each field in order to better understand the dry immersion model, to compare its effects with those of the bedrest model and those of spaceflight. Comparison with results obtained in the female population will be a major part of the analysis. The clinical (adverse effects, comfort of subjects) and operational aspects are also part of the secondary objectives of the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy male volunteer (see below the description of medical tests and laboratory analysis performed at the selection visit),
• Age 20 to 40,
• No overweight nor excessive thinness with BMI (weight Kg/ height m2) between 20 and 26,
• Height between 158cm and 185 cm,
• Certified as healthy by a comprehensive clinical assessment (detailed medical history and complete physical examination): in particular, free from any chronic disease or any acute infectious disease or cardiovascular, neurological, ear, nose, and throat (ENT) (especially orthostatic hypotension and vestibular disorders), orthopaedic or musculoskeletal disorders,
• Fitness level assessment: 35 ml/min./kg < VO2max < 55 ml/min./kg,
• Non active smokers,
• No alcohol, or drug addiction, and no medical treatment,
• Covered by a Health Insurance System,
• Having signed the informed consent,
• Free from any engagement during the study.

Exclusion criteria

• Any history or presence of clinically relevant cardiovascular, neurological or ENT (especially orthostatic hypotension and vestibular disorders), any chronic disease; any acute infectious disease, in particular
• Symptomatic orthostatic hypotension whatever the decrease in blood pressure, or asymptomatic postural hypotension defined by a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) equal to or greater than 20 mmHg within 3 minutes when changing from the supine to the standing position,
• Cardiac rhythm disorders,
• Hypertension,
• Chronic back pains,
• Vertebral fracture, scoliosis or herniated disc,
• Glaucoma,
• Self-reported hearing problems,
• History of migraines,
• History of hiatus hernia or gastro-esophageal reflux,
• History of thyroid dysfunction, renal stones, diabetes,
• History of head trauma,
• History of genetic muscle and bone diseases of any kind,
• Past records of thrombophlebitis, family history of thrombosis or positive response in thrombosis screening procedure (anti thrombin III, S-protein, C-protein, factor V Leiden mutation and the mutation 20210 of the prothrombin gene),
• Signs of venous insufficiency, varicose veins, or telangiectasia
• Bone mineral density: T-score ≤ -1.5,
• Poor tolerance to blood sampling,
• Having given whole blood (more than 7ml/kg) in a period of 8 weeks or less before the start of the experiment, or having given whole blood more than 5 times in the past 12 months,
• Significant history of allergy, especially no dermatological allergy,
• History of food allergy,
• Significant anomaly detected in the biological analysis,
• Positive reaction to any of the following tests: IgM antibodies for the Hepatovirus A (HVA IgM), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-Hepatovirus C antibodies (hepatitis C), antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2,
• Vegetarian or vegan,
• Refusal to give permission to contact his general practitioner,
• Subject who, in the judgment of the investigator, is likely to be non-compliant during the study, or unable to cooperate because of a language problem or poor mental development,
• Subject already participating or in the exclusion period of a clinical research,
• Subject who has received more than 4500 Euros within 12 months for being a research subject,
• Subject who cannot be contacted in case of emergency,
• MRI contraindications History or active claustrophobia, Osteosynthesis material, presence of metallic implants or any other contra-indication for MRI, Allergy to Gadolinium.
• Vulnerable persons according to law "Code de la Santé Publique" (L1121-5 to L1121-8) :
• Pregnant women (urine pregnancy test performed at the selection visit and on the day of arrival in the facility),
• Women during childbirth and breastfeeding mothers,
• Persons deprived of their liberty by an administrative or judicial decision,
• Persons under involuntary psychiatric care,
• Persons admitted in a health or social establishment for purposes other than research,
• Minors,
• Adults subject to legal protection (subject under guardianship or trusteeship) or unable to express their consent.