Thiamine micronutrient deficiency (TD) can cause a variety of non-specific symptoms and leads to several thiamine deficiency disorders such as heart failure, polyneuropathy, Wernicke's Encephalopathy and generalized weakness and debility. Symptoms are often vague and non-specific such as fatigue, leg swelling, imbalance, confusion, mood disorders, gastrointestinal upset, and weakness. Hospitalized Veterans may be particularly susceptible to TD due to food insecurity and chronic illnesses which cause inflammation and increased metabolic demands. This study aims to determine the prevalence of TD in hospitalized Veterans which has never been done before. The investigators also seek to identify risk factors causing TD including acute and chronic forms of inflammation, food insecurity, and dietary habits. Lastly, the investigators hope to clarify the abnormally low levels of blood thiamine that correlate with symptoms of TD that improve with replenishment.

Background: Thiamine deficiency (TD) causes a variety of thiamine deficiency disorders (TDDs) such as neuropsychiatric disturbances, polyneuropathy, ataxia, weakness and falling, and non-ischemic heart failure. Left untreated, TD can be associated with poor quality of life, loss of independence, and inability to complete activities of daily living. The prevalence of TD in non-alcohol using hospitalized Veterans is not known but is probably much higher than the general population. Loss of functional ability leads to increased need for rehabilitation.

The objective of this proposal is to measure the prevalence of TDDs in Veterans who do not use excess alcohol who are ill enough to require hospitalization, determine if inflammation increases the risk of developing TD, and determine the optimal cutoff points for two biomarkers of TD to diagnose of TDDs. The central hypothesis is that TD prevalence is as high as 25% in hospitalized non-alcoholic Veterans, far greater than the historically reported prevalence of 3% or less, and that TDD's occur in the "low normal" range of current cutoff values for available thiamine bioassays. A secondary hypothesis is that inflammatory conditions, which are known to cause cachexia and malnutrition, put hospitalized Veterans at increased risk as they often present with acute inflammatory conditions. The rationale underlying this proposal is that hospital practitioners currently underdiagnose and undertreat TDDs which leads to continued morbidity and loss of function. If the hypothesis is correct that the prevalence is as high as 25%, this knowledge will increase awareness of the problem and lead practitioners to diagnose and treat them more often. In addition, clarifying the "abnormally low" biomarker cutoff levels by measuring them in Veterans with TDDs is very important as the current "normal" ranges were determined in healthy volunteers. The central hypothesis will be tested by pursuing three specific aims: 1) determine the prevalence of TD, as defined by whole blood and plasma thiamine levels together with symptom responsive disease in consecutively hospitalized medicine patients who do not use excessive alcohol; 2) define TDDs as cases with low or "low normal" thiamine levels and symptoms that improve with thiamine replenishment; 3) determine if acute and chronic inflammatory conditions with elevated biomarkers of inflammation increase the risk of developing TDD. The investigators expect to find the prevalence of TD is closer to 25% and that the low end of "normal" biomarker levels as published by reference laboratories is too low, missing a percentage of TDDs.

Research design: To accomplish these aims, the investigators will utilize a prospective cohort study design to determine the prevalence of TD in consecutively hospitalized non-alcoholic medicine patients, as defined by low or "low normal" thiamine biomarker levels and thiamine responsive symptoms. Nested within this the investigators will conduct an open label treatment study with those exhibiting symptoms and define TDDs as cases with low or "low normal" thiamine levels and symptoms of TD that improve with thiamine administration. Lastly, utilizing a nested case control study design with cases being those with a TDD and controls being asymptomatic Veterans with normal biomarkers, determine if acute and chronic inflammatory conditions with elevated biomarkers of inflammation increase the risk of developing TDDs.

Inclusion Criteria:

• full admission to the hospital medical service (not on observation status)

Exclusion Criteria:

• excess alcohol intake as defined by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
• taking thiamine supplement
• quadriplegic
• lives more than 75 miles from the medical center
• unable to demonstrate capacity to understand the study and provide informed consent

Veterans who are admitted to the medicine service at the VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System hospital in Reno, NV who do not use alcohol to excess. The Veterans will need to live within 75 miles of the medical center to facilitate return for follow up appointments.

Deidentified data set will be shared upon request made to Dr. Elisabeth Mates

two months

Multiple prolonged work stoppages due to unforeseen events led to lower than expected enrollment. Poor compliance with follow up visits after initial evaluation in the hospital.