Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Leiden University | OTHER |
| Maastricht University | OTHER |
| Utrecht University | OTHER |
| Erasmus University Rotterdam |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Within the Caring Universities project (study protocol VCWE- 2020-076 accepted by the VCWE), we have developed a guided e-health programme (GetStarted) designed to reduce procrastination in university students. With the current study, we aim to examine the effectiveness of GetStarted in reducing procrastination behaviour. Secondary goals are to gain an insight into pre-test to post-test differences regarding symptoms of low mood, anxiety and quality of life. Additionally, we aim to gain insight into the effects of participants' satisfaction with the intervention and Ecoach, the usability of the program, and treatment adherence on the effectiveness of the treatment.
The present study is a two-arm randomized control superiority trial. This trial will be conducted in a university setting. A guided web-based anti-procrastination programme (GetStarted) will be compared to a waiting list condition.
GetStarted was developed based on existing literature and adapted in collaboration with university students to meet the specific needs of the university students. We have conducted interviews with students to understand their opinions about this program and adapted it based on their preferences and needs. The programme is based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It comprises five main modules that are delivered via computer, laptop, tablet, or mobile phone and four optional modules. Every module consists of evidence-based information, exercises, and homework assignments. The content is delivered in text format with pictures and infographics; some modules also include video clips and audio recordings on a relevant subject. The intervention is available in both English and Dutch.
Every week trained e-coaches (trained clinical psychology master students) will provide asynchronous written personalized feedback to each participant on the progress of the program and the exercises via the program platform. Measurements include pre- and post-assessment of procrastination behavior, common measures of psychopathology symptoms, quality of life, treatment adherence, program usability and participants' satisfaction with treatment and coaching.
All students currently enrolled at the participating universities (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Erasmus University, Universities of Leiden, Utrecht and Maastricht) are potentially eligible for the trial.
Benefits of participation and remuneration for the test subjects:
Students can participate in GetStarted free of charge, which will likely decrease their procrastination behavior. They do not receive any monetary incentives.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| We-based intervention for procrastination | Experimental | GetStarted is a guided e-health application, based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It comprises 5 main and 4 optional modules that are delivered weekly via computer, laptop, tablet, or mobile phone. Every week a trained e-coach will provide feedback on the progress of the program and the exercises via e-mail. The main modules are (1) psycho-education about procrastination (2) getting insight into one's own procrastination behavior, (3) uncovering unhelpful thoughts underlying procrastination and (4) replacing these unhelpful thoughts with helpful ones. Each module takes approximately 40 minutes to complete and participants will receive provide asynchronous written personalized feedback from their e-coaches within 48 hours (counting workdays only) after session completion. |
|
| Wait list | No Intervention | Participants in the waiting list condition will receive no treatment for four weeks post-randomization. Following this, they can start the program if they choose to do so. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GetStarted | Behavioral | Guided internet-based intervention for procrastination. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in procrastination behaviours | The Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) is used to assess procrastination tendencies by assessing extent to which participants procrastinate. This scale contains 9 items scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very seldom or not true to me) to 5 (very often true or true to me).The total scores can range from 9 to 45 with highers score indicating higher levels of procrastination. | T0/T1 (Baseline) to T2/T3 (Post-test: 4-weeks) to T5 (Follow up: 6 months) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in depressive symptoms | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is used as the measure of depression. This questionnaire consists of 9 items scored on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total scores can range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indication more severe depressive symptoms | T1 (Baseline) to T2/T3 (Post-test: 4-weeks) to T5 (Follow up: 6 months) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Socio demographic characteristics and additional participant information |
| T0 (Baseline) |
| Satisfaction with the intervention |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sascha Y Struijs, PhD | Contact | +316 48 20 62 23 | s.y.struijs@vu.nl | |
| Pim Cuijpers, Dr. Prof | Contact | p.cuijpers@vu.nl |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sascha Y Struijs, PhD | VU University of Amsterdam | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam | Recruiting | Amsterdam | 1081 HV | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41080972 | Derived | Amarnath A, Ozmen S, van Klaveren C, van Straten A, Pei J, de Wit L, Raabe RE; Caring Universities Consortium; Cuijpers P, Struijs SY. Effectiveness of a guided internet-based intervention in reducing procrastination among university students - a randomized controlled trial. Internet Interv. 2025 Sep 29;42:100878. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2025.100878. eCollection 2025 Dec. | |
| 36922962 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000092862 | Psychological Well-Being |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010549 | Personal Satisfaction |
| D001519 | Behavior |
Not provided
Not provided
| OTHER |
The present study is a two-arm randomized control superiority trial. This trial will be conducted in a university setting. A guided web-based anti-procrastination programme (GetStarted) will be compared to a waiting list condition.
Not provided
Not provided
An independent researcher who is not involved in the study will generate the random sequence using a computer random sequence generator. Randomisation will take place at an individual level, stratified by gender and the university where students study. Participants will be randomised into two groups (web-based intervention vs. WL) with allocation ratio of 1:1. We will conduct block randomisation with randomly varied block sizes (6 to 12 allocations per block) to prevent foreknowledge of intervention assignment. Allocation will be concealed from the study's researchers. It is not possible to mask personnel and participants to the treatment allocation because of the nature of the intervention.
| Change in severity of stress | The perceived stress scale (PSS-10) is used as a self-report measure of perceived stress. It consists of 10 items scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). The total scores range from 0-40, with a higher score indicating higher levels of perceived stress. | T1 (Baseline) to T2/T3 (Post-test: 4-weeks) to T5 (Follow up: 6 months) |
| Change in quality of life | The Mental Health Quality of Life questionnaire (MHQoL) is used to measure quality of life. It consists of 7 items scored on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (very dissatisfied) to 3 (very satisfied). The total scores can range from 0-21 with higher scores indicating better quality of life. | T1 (Baseline) to T2/T3 (Post-test: 4-weeks) to T5 (Follow up: 6 months) |
| Change in Anxiety symptoms | The Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) is used to measure symptoms of generalized anxiety. The questionnaire consists of 7 items measured on a four-point Likert ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total scores range from 0 to 21 with higher scores indicating more severe GAD symptoms. | T1 (Baseline) to T2/T3 (Post-test: 4-weeks) to T5 (Follow up: 6 months) |
The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) is used to measure participants' satisfaction with the overall intervention. The CSQ-8 is commonly used to measure satisfaction with online interventions. It consists of eight items on a four-point Likert scale with a total score ranging from 8 to 32, where a higher score indicates greater satisfaction. |
| T2 (Post-test: 4-weeks) |
| Usability | The System Usability Scale (SUS-10) is used to measure the usability of the intervention. It consists of 10 items on a five-point Likert scale with a total score ranging from 0 to 100, where a higher score indicates greater usability. | T2 (Post-test: 4-weeks) |
| Adherence | Adherence refers to "the degree to which the user followed the program as it was designed" (Donkin et al., 2011). The present study measures adherence by dividing the number of modules completed by a participant at time of post-test by the total number of modules in the programme, and multiplying this by 100. The resulting percentage will indicate completion rate. | T2 (Post-test: 4-weeks) |
| Satisfaction with E-coach | The Working Alliance Inventory for guided internet interventions (WAI-I) is used to evaluate participant's satisfaction with the e-coach. The WAI-I consists of 12 items on a 5-point Likert scale with a total score ranging from 12 to 60, where higher scores indicate higher satisfaction. | T2 (Post-test: 4-weeks) |
| Derived |
| Amarnath A, Ozmen S, Struijs SY, de Wit L, Cuijpers P. Effectiveness of a guided internet-based intervention for procrastination among university students - A randomized controlled trial study protocol. Internet Interv. 2023 Mar 3;32:100612. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2023.100612. eCollection 2023 Apr. |