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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University Hospital, Linkoeping | OTHER |
| Linkoeping University | OTHER_GOV |
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Impaired intestinal permeability and microbial dysbiosis are important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ReFermĀ®, also called ProferminĀ®, is a postbiotic product of oat gruel fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum 299v. In this experimental study, we investigated whether ReFermĀ® has a beneficial effect on the intestinal epithelial barrier function in patients with IBS.
A single-blinded, randomised experimental study was conducted. Potential participants were screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria during telephone interviews. As the patients were their own controls, self-reported allergy was not an exclusion criterion as long as both interventions were carried out during unchanged allergic exposure.
Patients were then randomly allocated to one of two study arms: RefermĀ® or thickened water (Thick-it Ā®, commercially available; Kent Precision Foods Group, Inc., Muscatine, IA, USA) as placebo. The patients underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsies obtained from the distal colon at baseline and after 14 days of intervention with ReFermĀ® or placebo enema twice a day. The enema was administered rectally, in the left side position, and retained for as long as possible (at least 10 min) both in the left-sided and supine body position to activate retrograde peristalsis. To assess clinical improvement of symptoms, questionnaires were completed twice: before and after the intervention. During the 14 days of the intervention, the patients completed daily questionnaires. To improve compliance with the study intervention, the patients were given a check-up call by a principal investigator (OBe) twice per week during the intervention period.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| ReFerm(R); fermented oat gruel | Experimental | ReFermĀ® is manufactured by the fermentation of an oat gruel with L. plantarum 299v. The product is tested for pH and colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts/moulds, and L. plantarum 299v. The pH must be < 4.0, the CFU of Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts/moulds must be < 100/mL, and the CFU for L. plantarum 299v must be > 10E+08 immediately after completion of fermentation. The energy content of 100 mL ReFermĀ® is 58 kcal (240 kJ), from 1.6 g protein, 9.8 g carbohydrate, and 0.9 g fat. Each ReFermĀ® package contained 250 ml |
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| Thick-it(R); thickened water | Placebo Comparator | Thick-it Ā® mildly thick, Kent Precision Foods Group, Inc.; commercially available) was chosen as a placebo to mimic the viscosity. This product contains artesian mineral water and ā¤ 2% xanthan gum, calcium chloride, malic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate (to preserve freshness), sodium hexametaphosphate, and disodium EDTA. The energy content of 237 mL Thick-it Ā® (one package) was 5 kcal (21 kJ) from 0 g protein, 1 g carbohydrate, and 0 g fat |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ReFerm(R) | Dietary Supplement | Enemas of approx 250 mL twice daily |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Intestinal permeability | Basic Science. Mucosal permeability change (transcellular (amount of HRP (fmol/mL) and paracellular (amount of FITC (pM)), before and after treatment using an Ussing chamber with mounted patient biopsies | 14 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Symptom change | Symptom change using the following questionnaires systems. IBS severity scoring system for symptom change (significant if > 50 points) before and after treatment. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale-IBS and Visceral sensitivity index. Data analyzed by cluster or as a total score for all items with statistically significant change. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Cut-off values are indicated as ā„8 for subclinical (suspicious) anxiety or depression and ā„11 as definite cases on both the HADS-D and HADS-A, respectively. Short Health Scale. Data analyzed by cluster or as a total score for all items with statistically significant change. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Susanna Walter, MD | University Hospital, Linkƶping, Sweden | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linkƶping University Hospital, Linkƶping, Sweden | Linkƶping | 58185 | Sweden |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39026547 | Derived | Biskou O, Walter S, Israelsen H, Winberg ME, Bednarska O, Keita AV. ReFerm(R): a postbiotic fermented oat gruel composition is reducing mast cell degranulation in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024 Jul 4;11:1408623. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1408623. eCollection 2024. | |
| 36570171 | Derived |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D043183 | Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003109 | Colonic Diseases, Functional |
| D003108 | Colonic Diseases |
| D007410 | Intestinal Diseases |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
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Patients were randomly allocated to ReFermĀ® (18 patients, two men) or placebo (12 patients, three men) arms. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, BMI, or disease severity.
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The appearance including colour and thickness of the two products are similar
| 14 days |
| Bednarska O, Biskou O, Israelsen H, Winberg ME, Walter S, Keita AV. A postbiotic fermented oat gruel may have a beneficial effect on the colonic mucosal barrier in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Front Nutr. 2022 Dec 8;9:1004084. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1004084. eCollection 2022. |
| D004066 | Digestive System Diseases |