The TAG-SVD enrolled patients with clinical and neuroimaging features of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). All enrolled patients will receive next-generation sequence (NGS) with probes designed to target five candidate CSVD genes, and patients will be divided into genetic or non-genetic groups accordingly. Their clinical features and outcome will be followed for at least 2 years.

Inclusion Criteria:

Participants must have at least one of the following symptoms/signs or history

• stroke (especially small vessel occlusion type of ischaemic stroke, spontaneous ICH or young stroke)
• cognitive impairment or dementia
• gait disturbance
• parkinsonism (especially vascular parkinsonism features)
• headache (especially migraine)
• positive family history of hereditary CSVD
• MRI evidence of CSVD (MRI may be done for other reasons), including mild to moderate white matter hyper intensity, any lacune, or any cerebral microbleed

Exclusion Criteria:

• MRI evidence of CSVD due to other inflammatory, malignancy, or structural lesions
• patients or family members not willing to sign informed consent

This study enrolled patients with clini-cal and neuroimaging features of CSVD in the neurology outpatient clinic of National Taiwan University Hospital. The clinical features for being enrolled in the TAG-SVD cohort included stroke (especially small vessel occlusion type of ischaemic stroke, spontaneous ICH or young stroke), cognitive impairment, gait disturbance, parkinsonism, headache or a positive family history of hereditary CSVD. The neuroimaging features were at least one evident magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature of CSVD

Data that support the current study are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.