Measurement and recording of Muscle Sympathetic Neural Activity (MSNA) using microneurography, will be applied to subjects who have been already implanted with a Moderato IPG delivering the BackBeat CNT and/or pacing signals. Several tests will be performed by experienced professionals to ensure the acquired sympathetic nerve signals arise from the targeted nerve source.

The Moderato Programmer will be then used to program different sets of CNT for several minutes with a several minutes interval between delivery periods. This delivery pattern is used will allow to acquire sympathetic nerve signals with and without CNT. Subject blood pressure, respiration and ECG data will be collected and recorded, both for safety and for evaluation of CNT dependent secondary indicators of sympathetic activity.

This will be a multi-center , open-label, non-randomized acute pilot study. The Moderato System is approved for marketing in Europe (has a CE mark) for standard pacing and the treatment of high blood pressure in patients requiring standard cardiac pacing. The therapy delivered by the Moderato system is referred to as CNT (Cardiac Neuromodulation Therapy).

Measurement and recording of Muscle Sympathetic Neural Activity (MSNA) using microneurography, has been used extensively [see reference 4,5]. A small, thin metal needle is inserted through the skin near the knee in proximity to a major nerve that is close to the skin (a few millimeters depth). The electrical activity of the nerve measured by the needle is a direct indication of peripheral sympathetic activity.

This measurement technique will be applied to subjects who are already implanted with a Moderato IPG that can deliver the BackBeat CNT pacing signals, whether CNT pacing was activated or not.

In recumbent position (lying in a bed), insertion of a microneurography needle (FHC 35mm long, 0.2mm diameter Tungsten microelectrodes model UNP35F2U) to the correct recording position is attempted for no more than 1 hour. This has been successful in approximately 75% of patients in previous MSNA studies. An identical reference needle is inserted within 2 cm of the first electrode. The needles are connected to a recording system (ADInstruments PowerLab). Once sympathetic activity can be measured using the needles, a cold pressor test is performed. In this test, the subject's hand is placed in cold water for up to 2 minutes. This test is known to affect sympathetic activity and is used to calibrate the measurement and recording system.

The Moderato Programmer is then used to program the implanted Moderato IPG to deliver different sets of CNT pacing signals parameters, each for several minutes with a several minutes interval between delivery periods. This delivery pattern is used in order to measure the effect of CNT pacing signals delivery on sympathetic activity level both during and after CNT pacing signals delivery. Subject blood pressure, respiration and ECG data is also collected and recorded, both for safety reasons and to evaluate the effect of CNT on secondary indicators of sympathetic activity.

After the different CNT pacing signal sets are delivered, the microneurography needles will be removed, the patient disconnected from all other measurement devices, and the procedure concluded.

Patients will be considered as having completed the study at the conclusion of the acute procedure unless a safety event is observed during the acute procedure in which case the patients will be followed until the event has been resolved.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subject is already implanted with a Moderato IPG that can be used to deliver CNT pacing signals, whether CNT pacing was activated or not.
• Subject is willing and able to comply with the study and procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subject is dependent on 100% ventricular pacing.
• Subject has symptoms of heart failure, NYHA Class III or greater.
• Subject has an ejection fraction of 25% or less
• Subject's systolic blood pressure is less than 100 mm Hg on the day of recording.
• Subject has decompensated heart failure
• Subject has significant (>3+) mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, or aortic stenosis
• Subject has permanent atrial fibrillation.
• Subject has Atrial fibrillation on the day of the study.
• Subject has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, or interventricular septal thickness ≥15 mm.
• Subject is on dialysis
• Subject has prior neurological events (stroke or TIA) within the past year or a neurological event (stroke) at any prior time that has resulted in residual neurologic deficit.
• Subject has a history of autonomic dysfunction.
• Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding.
• Subject cannot or is unwilling to provide informed consent