This is a randomized control trial to compare the efficacy and safety of CARTO-Finder-guided ablation plus pulmonary vein isolation versus multiscale entropy (MSE)-guided pulmonary vein isolation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

This is a randomized control trial. Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation are enrolled and randomized to CARTO-Finder-guided ablation plus PVI group or MSE-guided ablation plus PVI group. Postoperative recurrence rate and other indicators are analyzed to compare the efficacy and safety between CARTO-Finder-guided ablation plus PVI and MSE-guided ablation plus PVI in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18 to 80 years old
2. Persistent AF
3. Nonresponse or intolerance to ≥1 antiarrhythmic drug

Exclusion Criteria:

1. With uncontrolled congestive heart failure;
2. Having significant valvular disease;
3. Having moderate-to-severe pulmonary hypertension;
4. With myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months of screening;
5. With Significant congenital heart disease;
6. Ejection fraction was <40% measured by echocardiography;
7. Allergic to contrast media;
8. Contraindication to anticoagulation medications;
9. Severe pulmonary disease e.g. restrictive pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive disease (COPD);
10. Left atrial thrombus;
11. Having any contraindication to right or left sided heart catheterization