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A randomized clinical trial will be performed. Patients aged 3 and 4 years who attend the pediatric emergency service of the Miguel Servet Hospital in Zaragoza and require venipuncture will be selected. In the control group, traditional venipuncture will be performed, placing the child in supine position on the stretcher with the limb to be punctured in decline. In the intervention group, the DAK method will be used, where the adult will hold the child simulating a hug. A professional will take care of immobilizing the chosen limb, and the nurse will perform the venipuncture. The researchers believe that 3 and 4-year-old children subjected to venipuncture using the Koala Attachment Distraction method present a lower level of stress and pain, as well as their companions a lower level of anxiety, compared to those subjected to physical restraint.
Condition of disease: Patients aged 3 and 4 years, who attend the pediatric emergency service of the Miguel Servet Hospital in Zaragoza and require venipuncture.
Intervention: Traditional venipuncture, in supine position on the stretcher with the limb to be punctured in decline. + DAK method, simulating a hug.
A randomized clinical trial will be performed. 220 participants between 3 and 4 years old will be selected and randomized to participate. Control group and experimental group will enrolled 110 participants each one. Control group will be venipunctured in the traditional way. Intervention group will be venipunctured using the DAK method. Before and during the venipuncture, three tests will be performed. To assess level's pain, before and during the technique, the Face, Legs, Activity and Consolability (FLACC) scale will be used, obtaining an assessment of maximum, severe, moderate, mild or no pain.
To evaluate the child's stress, before and during the technique, the Groningen Anxiety Scale will be used, which assesses 3 items: the child's condition, muscle tension and crying, classifying them in 5 degrees from least to greatest stress. To assess the perceived anxiety of the companion, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire will be used, classifying it in percentiles according to age and sex. In both groups, a trained observer will evaluate the child's pain and stress before and during the technique, and the companion will fill out the STAI questionnaire. Study participants will be required to read an information sheet and sign an informed consent.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control group: Traditional venipuncture, on the stretcher. | Active Comparator | the companion will place the child on the stretcher in the supine position with the limb to be punctured in decline. At all times, during the technique, the companion will be present, being able to participate by establishing links of consolation or distraction, as is usually done in the hospital. Simultaneously, a professional from the service will be in charge of holding the chosen extremity, as well as the opposite one. The responsible nurse will perform the venipuncture while another colleague will help with tasks of holding and/or collecting samples. |
|
| Experimental group: DAK method venipuncture, simulating a hug. | Experimental | the caregiver will sit in a chair placing the child on top in front of him, with one leg on each side and the arms resting on the shoulders of the companion. The patient's head will rest on the adult's shoulder, contralateral to the limb to be punctured. Simultaneously, the responsible adult patient will hold the simulating a hug. A professional will take care of immobilizing the chosen limb. The responsible nurse performed the venipuncture while another colleague helped with the tasks of holding and/or collecting samples. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group: Traditional venipuncture, on the stretcher. | Procedure | The companion will be given the State/Trait Anxiety Questionnaire(STAI) for the initial assessment of the companion's anxiety and will be asked to recall their perceived emotions during the venipuncture. The observer will assess child pain and stress using FLACC and Groningen scale and will record it. Next, the companion will place the child on the stretcher in supine position with the limb to be punctured in decline. During the technique, the companion will be present, being able to participate by establishing links of consolation or distraction, as is usually done in the hospital. Simultaneously, a professional from the service will be in charge of holding the chosen extremity, as well as the opposite one. The responsible nurse will perform the venipuncture and/or collecting samples. The observer will assess child's pain and stress and caregiver's STAI during the intervention with the same scales. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| To measure changes in the child's pain during venipuncture using the Koala Attachment Distraction (DAK) method. | The observer will assess child pain using Face, Legs, Activity and Consolability (FLACC) scale, each category is scored 0-2. Total score goes from 0, which indicates relaxed and comfortable to 10, severe pain. | Two time points: Baseline (previous venipuncture) and during procedure (blood draw) |
| To measure changes in the child's stress during venipuncture using the Koala Attachment Distraction (DAK) method. | Stress will be recorded with Groningen Distress Scale (GDS) which goes from 1 (calm not cry) to 5 (agitated, physical resistance y screaming). | Two time points: Baseline (previous venipuncture) and during procedure (blood draw) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| To measure changes in the level of pain in the child's venipunctured using physical restraint and compare to the DAK method. | The observer will assess child pain using Face, Legs, Activity and Consolability (FLACC) scale, each category is scored 0-2. Total score goes from 0, which indicates relaxed and comfortable to10, severe pain. | Two time points: Baseline (previous venipuncture) and during procedure (blood draw) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tania Fernández, Nursing | Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet (Zaragoza, Spain) | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet | Zaragoza | 50009 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26720064 | Result | Ali S, McGrath T, Drendel AL. An Evidence-Based Approach to Minimizing Acute Procedural Pain in the Emergency Department and Beyond. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Jan;32(1):36-42; quiz 43-4. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000669. | |
| 23857075 | Result | Hartling L, Newton AS, Liang Y, Jou H, Hewson K, Klassen TP, Curtis S. Music to reduce pain and distress in the pediatric emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Sep;167(9):826-35. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.200. |
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| Intervention group: DAK method venipuncture, simulating a hug | Procedure | The companion will be given the State/Trait Anxiety Questionnaire(STAI) for the initial evaluation of the companion's anxiety and will be asked to recall their perceived emotions during the venipuncture. The observer will assess child's pain and stress using the FLACC and Groningen scale and record it. Subsequently, the caregiver will sit in a chair placing the child on top in front of him, with one leg on each side and the arms resting on the shoulders of the companion. The patient's head will rest on the adult's shoulder, contralateral to the limb to be punctured. Simultaneously, the responsible adult patient will hold the simulating a hug. A professional will take care of immobilizing the chosen limb. The responsible nurse performed the venipuncture and collecting samples. The observer will assess the child's pain and stress during the intervention, and will deliver the STAI to the caregiver, to be completed with their perceived sensations during the technique. |
|
| To measure changes in the level of stress in the child's venipunctured using physical restraint and compare to the DAK method. | Stress will be recorded with Groningen Distress Scale (GDS) which goes from 1 (calm not cry) to 5 (agitated, physical resistance y screaming). | Two time points: Baseline (previous venipuncture) and during procedure (blood draw) |
| To measure the changes in the level of perceived anxiety of companions when performing venipuncture with the DAK method and physical restraint. | The companion will be given the State part of the State/Trait Anxiety Questionnaire(STAI) Result goes from 0 to 30, being higher scores higher anxiety levels. | Two time points: Baseline (previous venipuncture) and immediately after procedure (blood draw), where companion must recall their perceived emotions during venipuncture. |
| 30316301 | Result | Shave K, Ali S, Scott SD, Hartling L. Procedural pain in children: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and information needs. BMC Pediatr. 2018 Oct 13;18(1):324. doi: 10.1186/s12887-018-1300-y. |
| 26316521 | Result | Thompson S, Ayers S, Pervilhac C, Mahoney L, Seddon P. The association of children's distress during venepuncture with parent and staff behaviours. J Child Health Care. 2016 Sep;20(3):267-76. doi: 10.1177/1367493515598643. Epub 2015 Aug 27. |
| 20974061 | Result | Yoo H, Kim S, Hur HK, Kim HS. The effects of an animation distraction intervention on pain response of preschool children during venipuncture. Appl Nurs Res. 2011 May;24(2):94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2009.03.005. Epub 2009 Jul 15. |
| 27260499 | Result | Bailey B, Trottier ED. Managing Pediatric Pain in the Emergency Department. Paediatr Drugs. 2016 Aug;18(4):287-301. doi: 10.1007/s40272-016-0181-5. |
| 26118441 | Result | Bahorski JS, Hauber RP, Hanks C, Johnson M, Mundy K, Ranner D, Stoutamire B, Gordon G. Mitigating procedural pain during venipuncture in a pediatric population: A randomized factorial study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015 Oct;52(10):1553-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 Jun 10. |
| 29687673 | Result | Garcia-Aracil N, Ramos-Pichardo JD, Castejon-de la Encina ME, Jose-Alcaide L, Julia-Sanchis R, Sanjuan-Quiles A. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological measures for reducing pain and fear in children during venipuncture in the emergency department: a vibrating cold devices versus distraction. Emergencias. 2018 Jun;30(3):182-185. English, Spanish. |
| 25439114 | Result | Vagnoli L, Caprilli S, Vernucci C, Zagni S, Mugnai F, Messeri A. Can presence of a dog reduce pain and distress in children during venipuncture? Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Apr;16(2):89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.04.004. Epub 2014 Nov 4. |
| 24912740 | Result | Canbulat N, Ayhan F, Inal S. Effectiveness of external cold and vibration for procedural pain relief during peripheral intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Feb;16(1):33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Jun 7. |
| 22809774 | Result | Brenner SM, Rupp V, Boucher J, Weaver K, Dusza SW, Bokovoy J. A randomized, controlled trial to evaluate topical anesthetic for 15 minutes before venipuncture in pediatrics. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Jan;31(1):20-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.05.003. Epub 2012 Jul 16. |
| 27461092 | Result | Oliveira NC, Santos JL, Linhares MB. Audiovisual distraction for pain relief in paediatric inpatients: A crossover study. Eur J Pain. 2017 Jan;21(1):178-187. doi: 10.1002/ejp.915. Epub 2016 Jul 26. |
| 21975752 | Result | Pillai Riddell RR, Racine NM, Turcotte K, Uman LS, Horton RE, Din Osmun L, Ahola Kohut S, Hillgrove Stuart J, Stevens B, Gerwitz-Stern A. Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD006275. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006275.pub2. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004630 | Emergencies |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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