Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Background:
Lower back injuries are a common occurrence in athletes, sports programs, and in the military (Bengtsson, 2018; Lovalekar, 2021). The Army's new fitness test includes a three-repetition maximum deadlift, and this inclusion has raised concern amongst servicemembers and healthcare workers due to the association between deadlifts and lower back injuries. There is debate amongst researchers about the role of deadlift form in lower back injury prevention, specifically related to flexion of the spine (Sjoberg, 2020).
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of low back pain education (either cautionary regarding injury risk or reassuring regarding spine resiliency) on deadlift performance (weight lifted), and if this education has an effect on self-efficacy and perceived spine vulnerability.
Participants:
Participants will be incoming new cadets at the United States Military Academy (USMA). Inclusion criteria are cadets age 17-26 (cadets under the age of 18 are legally emancipated therefore able to consent), those participating in the ACFT, and speak and understand English.
Study Design:
This study will be a randomized controlled trial with parallel design and 1:1 allocation ratio. The investigators plan to use cluster randomization. There will be three groups- control, cautionary, reassuring (Jackson, 2005). The investigators are also planning a prospective cohort study to assess self-efficacy, injury, and performance over time.
Procedures:
Data will be collected at the United States Military Academy during the summer of 2022 during cadet basic training. Shortly after new cadets arrive at USMA, the investigators will gather demographic and initial self-efficacy information. The randomized control element of this study will occur before and during the maximum deadlift (MDL) of the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT). At the start of cadet basic training, investigators will randomly allocate each company of cadets into one of three groups (three companies per group.) The investigator will administer the education (cautionary, reassuring, or control) shortly prior to cadets taking the MDL, and will collect results after the ACFT. The cautionary education is similar to standard information provided to many servicemembers before the start of an ACFT or a maximum deadlift.
Background:
Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) are the leading cause of nondeployability, lost duty days (LDD), medical encounters, military discharge, and disability in the United States Military. (Lovalekar, 2021). Ironically, the leading causes of MSKIs are same activities that leaders deliberately conduct to develop physical resilience: running, foot marching, other physical fitness training activities (besides running) and work-related tasks (Lovalekar, 2021).
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to learn about relationships between self-efficacy, injury and physical/tactical performance. The investigators also plan to assess the effect of low back pain education (either cautionary regarding injury risk or reassuring regarding spine resiliency) on deadlift performance (weight lifted), and if this education has an effect on self-efficacy and perceived spine vulnerability.
Participants:
Participants will be incoming new cadets at the United States Military Academy (USMA). Inclusion criteria are cadets age 17-26 (cadets under the age of 18 are legally emancipated therefore able to consent), those participating in the ACFT, and speak and understand English.
Study Design:
This study will be a randomized controlled trial with parallel design and 1:1 allocation ratio. The investigators plan to use cluster randomization. There will be three groups- control, cautionary, reassuring (Jackson, 2005). The investigators are also planning a prospective cohort study to assess self-efficacy, injury, and performance over time.
Procedures:
Data will be collected at the United States Military Academy during the summer of 2022 during cadet basic training. Shortly after new cadets arrive at USMA, the investigators will gather demographic and initial self-efficacy information. The randomized control element of this study will occur before and during the maximum deadlift (MDL) of the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT). At the start of cadet basic training, researchers will randomly allocate each company of cadets into one of three groups (three companies per group.) The researchers will administer the education (cautionary, reassuring, or control) shortly prior to cadets taking the MDL, and will collect results after the ACFT. The cautionary education is similar to standard information provided to many servicemembers before the start of an ACFT or a maximum deadlift.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cautionary | Experimental | The group will receive a message regarding potential risk for spine injury before the tested task. |
|
| Reassuring | Experimental | This group will receive a message regarding spine resiliency before the tested task. |
|
| Control | No Intervention | This group will not receive education before the tested task. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deadlift Form Education | Behavioral | The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Deadlift Weight Lifted | Weight lifted for three repetitions | Following the intervention. This event/data collection took place at a single time point immediately following the intervention, up to 30 minutes |
| Perceived Spine Vulnerability, Q1 | Ease of which participants believe the back can be injured, "it is easy to injure your back". Questions based on Back Pain Attitude Questionnaire, item 6. Count reflects the number of participants who selected "true" | Immediately after the intervention |
| Perceived Spine Vulnerability, Q2 | Ease of which participants believe the back can be injured, "you could injure your back if you are not careful". Questions based on Back Pain Attitude Questionnaire, item 11. Count reflects the number of participants who selected "true" | Immediately after the intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Deadlift Self-Efficacy Questionnaire | Self-efficacy related to the deadlift was gathered by a single numeric rating scale question. Participants were asked to rate their confidence in succeeding at the deadlift event, from "not confident at all - 0" to "fully confident - 10). | Outcome data was collected immediately following the intervention |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keller Army Community Hospital | West Point | New York | 10996 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16238858 | Result | Jackson T, Pope L, Nagasaka T, Fritch A, Iezzi T, Chen H. The impact of threatening information about pain on coping and pain tolerance. Br J Health Psychol. 2005 Sep;10(Pt 3):441-51. doi: 10.1348/135910705X27587. | |
| 30057777 | Result | Bengtsson V, Berglund L, Aasa U. Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, bench press and deadlift. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018 Jul 17;4(1):e000382. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000382. eCollection 2018. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
903 new cadets consented to the study and signed informed consent forms. 18 of them were separated from the academy before data collection, and 64 were injured prior to data collection and did not take the fitness test. Of the 64 participants who were injured, 16 received the intervention but did not take the fitness test, thus we did not collect primary outcome data. This resulted in 837 who received the intervention. There were 821 participants who were included in the final analysis.
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Cautionary | The group will receive a message regarding potential risk for spine injury before the tested task. Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. |
| FG001 | Reassuring | This group will receive a message regarding spine resiliency before the tested task. Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. |
| FG002 | Control | This group will not receive education before the tested task. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Includes all participants who consented to participate, including those who did not receive the intervention due to separation from the academy or injury prior to data collection. Because those participants consented and completed demographic and deadlift self-efficacy information before their separation/injury, we still included them as Baseline participants.
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Cautionary | The group will receive a message regarding potential risk for spine injury before the tested task. Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Maximum Deadlift Weight Lifted | Weight lifted for three repetitions | Includes only those who completed the primary outcome measure | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | kilograms | Following the intervention. This event/data collection took place at a single time point immediately following the intervention, up to 30 minutes |
|
1 month
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Cautionary | The group will receive a message regarding potential risk for spine injury before the tested task. Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Kelly M. Scott | Baylor University Keller Army Community Hospital Division 1 Sports Physical Therapy Fellowship | 509-595-7263 | kmsid119@gmail.com |
Not provided
| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 19, 2022 | May 31, 2023 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | May 26, 2022 | May 31, 2023 | ICF_001.pdf |
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017116 | Low Back Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001416 | Back Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
Not provided
Not provided
Group Between-Factor, Randomized Controlled Trial
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| 33824080 | Result | Lovalekar M, Hauret K, Roy T, Taylor K, Blacker SD, Newman P, Yanovich R, Fleischmann C, Nindl BC, Jones B, Canham-Chervak M. Musculoskeletal injuries in military personnel-Descriptive epidemiology, risk factor identification, and prevention. J Sci Med Sport. 2021 Oct;24(10):963-969. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.016. Epub 2021 Mar 31. |
| 30199449 | Result | Sjoberg H, Aasa U, Rosengren M, Berglund L. Content Validity Index and Reliability of a New Protocol for Evaluation of Lifting Technique in the Powerlifting Squat and Deadlift. J Strength Cond Res. 2020 Sep;34(9):2528-2536. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002791. |
| 38900182 | Derived | Scott KM, Kreisel BR, Florkiewicz EM, Crowell MS, Morris JB, McHenry PA, Benedict TM. The Effect of Cautionary Versus Resiliency Spine Education on Maximum Deadlift Performance and Back Beliefs: A Randomized Control Trial. J Strength Cond Res. 2024 Jul 1;38(7):e341-e348. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004783. Epub 2024 May 28. |
| Reassuring |
This group will receive a message regarding spine resiliency before the tested task. Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. |
| BG002 | Control | This group will not receive education before the tested task. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | kilograms |
|
| Intercollegiate Athlete | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Prior history of deadlift-related low back pain | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Prior Military Service | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
This group will receive a message regarding spine resiliency before the tested task.
Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test.
| OG002 | Control | This group will not receive education before the tested task. |
|
|
| Primary | Perceived Spine Vulnerability, Q1 | Ease of which participants believe the back can be injured, "it is easy to injure your back". Questions based on Back Pain Attitude Questionnaire, item 6. Count reflects the number of participants who selected "true" | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Immediately after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Primary | Perceived Spine Vulnerability, Q2 | Ease of which participants believe the back can be injured, "you could injure your back if you are not careful". Questions based on Back Pain Attitude Questionnaire, item 11. Count reflects the number of participants who selected "true" | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Immediately after the intervention |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Deadlift Self-Efficacy Questionnaire | Self-efficacy related to the deadlift was gathered by a single numeric rating scale question. Participants were asked to rate their confidence in succeeding at the deadlift event, from "not confident at all - 0" to "fully confident - 10). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | score on a scale | Outcome data was collected immediately following the intervention |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 269 |
| 0 |
| 269 |
| 0 |
| 269 |
| EG001 | Reassuring | This group will receive a message regarding spine resiliency before the tested task. Deadlift Form Education: The education will include information about the lumbar spine as it relates to a deadlift. The researchers will administer this education shortly prior to participants taking a strength test. | 0 | 283 | 0 | 283 | 0 | 283 |
| EG002 | Control | This group will not receive education before the tested task. | 0 | 279 | 0 | 285 | 0 | 285 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| Male |
|